Cyclotron Info
On this page

Cyclotron registries

No single authority lists the world's cyclotrons. What exists instead is a scattered set of sources — an international index, national health and nuclear regulators, antitrust filings, conference proceedings, procurement portals, and a handful of survey papers — each covering part of the picture and none covering all of it. These are the 79 sources behind the 1,257 machines in this site's census, published because they are useful to anyone researching accelerator installations directly.

Several are not obvious, and a few surfaced only while chasing a single stubborn facility. The recurring lesson across 92 countries is that the national registry is often more complete than the international one — and that a regulator beats an operator, because a licence or an inspection record outlives a web page.

How to read this list

Each entry gives what the source covers, what fields it yields, and where it misleads. Two fields are judgements rather than facts about the source:

  • Yield — how productive the source proved during verification of this census, not a rating of its quality in the abstract. A source can be authoritative and still yield little if it duplicates what other sources already established.
  • Cited in N records — how many entries in the census currently cite it. 65 of the sources below carry a direct link; the rest are named for lookup where no stable URL exists.

Some entries record a negative finding: that a country has no usable registry, or that a promising-looking one does not break out cyclotrons. These are deliberately kept. Knowing that a search leads nowhere is worth as much as knowing where it leads, and it is exactly the kind of result nobody publishes.

Discovery sources and decay sources

Sources divide into two kinds, and the distinction matters more than it first appears. A discovery source tells you a machine exists. A decay source tells you a machine you already know about has been scrapped, replaced, or shut down.

Only the first kind is easy to find, which is why installation lists everywhere drift optimistic: nothing in a dataset degrades on its own when a cyclotron is quietly decommissioned, so a census maintained from discovery sources alone slowly fills with machines that no longer exist. The proven decay sources are periodic national publications — a survey that is repeated every few years, a dated facility register, an antitrust census. One Korean journal census exposed six wrong records in a single reading. News alerts and operator pages, by contrast, almost never announce a shutdown.

The practical consequence for anyone maintaining a list: when adding a source that publishes on a schedule, record its edition date, so that a later pass can tell what a new edition looks like.

International

  • IAEA Database of Cyclotrons for Radionuclide Production

    nucleus.iaea.org archived Aug 2026 Yield: high (as an index)

    Coverage
    ~1,285 facilities, 96 countries — medical/radionuclide machines only
    Gives
    institution, city, country, manufacturer, model, proton energy
    Notes
    Best treated as a research index: every entry it suggests is worth confirming against a national or operator source before it is relied on.
    Caveats
    Operator-submitted and often stale. Verification against other sources turns up renamed operators (Cyclopharma→Curium, Zevacor→SOFIE, Eckert & Ziegler→Alliance Medical), wrong cities (Japan and Spain especially), and machines listed years after they closed. Roughly a third of its rows carry no facility name at all. Excellent as a lead index, not as a citation.

  • PTCOG — Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group facility lists

    ptcog.site archived Jun 2025 Yield: EXPLOITED 2026-08-13: 92 records added, taking proton therapy from 21 to 113 worldwide and from 4 to 44 in the United States. 50 centres were correctly EXCLUDED as synchrotron or heavy-ion, and those exclusions are logged in data/needs-review.txt so the next pass does not re-check them. Two live traps found: PTCOG's URL moved to ptcog.online (the old ptcog.site is dead, and the in-operation table is login-gated at one path but public at /facilities-in-clinical-operation-3/), and its 'SC' accelerator code does NOT mean synchrocyclotron — it also covers superconducting ISOCHRONOUS cyclotrons, so architecture must be set from the vendor and model, never from PTCOG's letter.

    Coverage
    The canonical worldwide inventory of particle therapy centres, in three lists — in operation, under construction, and in planning — each giving country, institution, accelerator type, maximum energy, treatment-room configuration and start-of-treatment year.
    Gives
    accelerator type and vendor, which is what makes it usable here
    Notes
    REFERENCED IN THE MAINTENANCE CADENCE BUT NOT PREVIOUSLY INDEXED HERE, and the gap showed: proton therapy is the most under-built slice of this database after historical machines. As of 2026-08-14 it holds 21 proton-therapy records worldwide and only 4 for the United States, against a real US population in the dozens. The IAEA index covers radionuclide production only, so it will never surface these; PTCOG is the substitute.
    Caveats
    IT IS NOT A CYCLOTRON LIST. Many proton centres are SYNCHROTRON-based (Hitachi, Mitsubishi, Toshiba) and carbon-ion centres almost always are; those do not belong in this database. Filter to the cyclotron and synchrocyclotron vendors — IBA (C230, Cyclone 235, S2C2), Varian/ACCEL ProBeam, Mevion S250 — before treating a row as a lead.

  • JACoW — Cyclotrons and their Applications conference proceedings

    proceedings.jacow.org archived Jun 2026 Yield: high for research machines Cited in 47 records

    Coverage
    research cyclotrons worldwide, every ~3 years, back to the 1960s
    Gives
    status reports with machine parameters, upgrades, shutdown dates

  • IAEA Accelerator Knowledge Portal — Cyclotron Master List (SharePoint REST API)

    nucleus.iaea.org Yield: high — and it is the backbone of the monthly maintenance diff

    Coverage
    the entire ~1,292-row master list as machine-readable JSON, anonymous access
    Gives
    every field including address, contacts, install year, and a per-row Modified date
    Notes
    The most useful maintenance lead available. The HTML page is paginated and awkward; this endpoint returns the whole list at once as JSON, with anonymous access. The Modified date is the key field — a row edited since a previous snapshot means the operator touched their own entry, which is the strongest freshness signal there is. Note that iaea.org proper (newscenter, bulletin) returns 402/403 to automated fetches while this endpoint answers normally.

  • IAEA INIS repository JSON API

    inis.iaea.org archived Aug 2026 Yield: moderate — best for countries with thin web presence

    Coverage
    IAEA's bibliographic repository, including national reports not indexed elsewhere
    Notes
    Reaches grey literature for countries whose own institutions publish nothing on the web.

Regional and national surveys

  • The current status of nuclear medicine in Africa (2026)

    repository.up.ac.za archived Aug 2026 Yield: high — best African source found Cited in 1 record

    Citation
    Brink et al., Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2026;67(2):196-203
    Coverage
    29 cyclotrons across 11 named African countries, with a per-country breakdown by energy (Table 2), per-country SPECT/PET camera counts, and notes on new installations in Benin, Egypt and Nigeria. Open-access PDF (repository item 50e0de15-ec57-49be-8895-3620b2fc5db4).
    Notes
    The decisive source for the African continent — worth mining systematically, not just for single lookups. It established Tunisia's machine count even though the facility itself remains unnamed.

  • Latin America and Caribbean cyclotron survey (2022)

    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov archived Aug 2026 Yield: good for completeness checks and country counts Cited in 4 records

    Coverage
    Avila-Rodriguez et al., EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry 7:14 (2022) — a July 2021 IAEA/ARCAL baseline survey covering 67 cyclotrons across Latin America and the Caribbean, with responses from 46 of 63 institutions.
    Gives
    Per-country cyclotron counts for all 18 countries covered: Argentina 10, Bolivia 2, Brazil 16, Chile 3, Colombia 6, Costa Rica 1, Cuba 1, Dominican Republic 2, Ecuador 3, Jamaica 1, Mexico 10, Panama 1, Paraguay 1, Peru 2, Puerto Rico 2, Trinidad and Tobago 1, Uruguay 2, Venezuela 3.
    Notes
    Regional surveys are the highest-value source type for small countries: one document can cover a dozen nations that have no national registry at all. Always check for a regional survey before working a small country facility by facility.
    Caveats
    No facility-level detail — it gives how many, not which. The counts work best as a completeness target against a facility-level list.

  • Current Nuclear Medicine in Jordan: A Potential Model for Developing Countries

    Yield: unexploited (would likely settle both Jordanian entries)

    Citation
    Clinical Nuclear Medicine Open, September 2025
    Coverage
    surveys all 17 Jordanian nuclear medicine departments
    Notes
    A national nuclear-medicine survey published as a journal article is a recurring pattern for smaller countries — worth searching "<country> nuclear medicine current status" in the literature before concluding no inventory exists.
    Caveats
    paywalled (HTTP 402 from this environment)

  • Current Situation of Nuclear Medicine in Saudi Arabia (2019)

    Yield: decisive for Saudi Arabia

    Citation
    Alqarni, Farghaly & Nasr, International Journal of Scientific Research 8(11), Nov 2019, DOI 10.36106/ijsr/0421267
    Coverage
    Answered by all 58 Saudi nuclear-medicine services; enumerates ALL SEVEN cyclotrons in the Kingdom with manufacturer, energy, install year and status.
    Notes
    A model national survey — it both confirmed machines and provided the counter-evidence to reject three false index rows, and surfaced one machine the IAEA index omits (King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, IBA 18 MeV).

  • Saudi Ministry of Health media centre

    moh.gov.sa archived Aug 2026 Yield: decisive for one otherwise-unrecorded machine Cited in 1 record

    Coverage
    Saudi MoH cyclotron and radiopharmaceutical projects
    Gives
    Phase-by-phase build announcements with dates, machine energy, and the licensing bodies involved (Saudi FDA and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology).
    Notes
    Not a structured registry, but a ministry press office that publishes build and production-start dates is a workable substitute for one. A November 2016 item established the King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam machine (18 MeV, building and machine complete February 2013, isotope production from September 2013) — a facility the IAEA index does not contain. Worth checking for any state-run health system.

  • Taiwan Nuclear Safety Commission (核能安全委員會, formerly Atomic Energy Council)

    nusc.gov.tw archived Aug 2026 Yield: unexploited

    Coverage
    Licenses Taiwanese medical radionuclide production facilities, explicitly including cyclotron production facilities (醫療單位之生產設施申辦, 例如迴旋加速器生產設施).
    Caveats
    UNFETCHED — recorded as a lead, not a worked source. A paper hosted by the Taiwan cyclotron society states that as of end-2019 Taiwan had 12 operators running 13 cyclotron production facilities, which is a completeness target to check against.

  • Mexican national cyclotron census — Gaceta Médica de México 2019, Table 1

    scielo.org.mx archived Aug 2025 Yield: decisive for Mexico

    Citation
    Ávila-Rodríguez et al., "Estado actual y perspectivas de la imagen molecular PET en México", Gaceta Médica de México 2019;155(4):436. Table 1, "Ciclotrones en operación en México, mayo de 2019".
    Coverage
    Complete site-by-site census of Mexico's operating cyclotrons as of May 2019 — eight sites with institution, public/private sector, manufacturer, proton energy and city. Also carries the national PET/CT scanner inventory, which is what makes it possible to tell producers from scanner-only centres.
    Notes
    Effectively Mexico's national registry, and the decisive source for the country. It shares a lead author with the 2022 IAEA/ARCAL regional survey that gave Mexico an unattributed count of 10, so the two reconcile directly: the 2019 census's 8, plus Hermosillo and Hospital San Javier as post-2019 installations, is exactly 10. That also positively excludes the usual false leads — INNN, Centro Médico ABC, IMSS, ININ and UANL are all scanner-only. General lesson: when a regional survey gives a country count with no sites, look for an earlier national paper by the same authors, because the count usually came from one.

  • No usable registry

    Cited in 9 records

    MEXICO HAS NO EXPLOITABLE REGULATOR REGISTRY, checked 2026-08-13. COFEPRIS publishes seven sanitary-licence databases (gob.mx/cofepris/documentos/bases-de-datos-de-licencias-sanitarias-de-insumos-para-la-salud) and NONE breaks out radiopharmaceutical manufacturers or cyclotron establishments. CNSNS, the nuclear regulator, publishes licence numbers and expiry dates WITHOUT licensee names, behind JavaScript, on an endpoint that fails certificate verification. Do not spend time on either; use the Gaceta Médica census above instead.

  • BanglaJOL — Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Medicine

    banglajol.info archived Aug 2026 Yield: decisive for Bangladesh Cited in 2 records

    Coverage
    Open-access Bangladeshi journals. BJNM carries facility histories, installation and commissioning reports for essentially every nuclear-medicine centre in the country.
    Notes
    A national open-access journal platform can substitute for a national registry outright. Where a country has no regulator list but does have a nuclear-medicine society journal, the commissioning paper IS the registry entry — and it is usually more detailed than a registry row, giving vault dose rates, beam currents and commissioning dates.

  • Bangladesh Public Procurement Authority (BPPA) e-GP portal

    bppa.gov.bd archived Aug 2026 Yield: good Cited in 1 record

    Coverage
    All Bangladeshi public-sector tenders, including Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission development projects. Per-tender pages name the procuring entity, project title, sites and project director.
    Notes
    Named the multi-site BAEC project building cyclotrons at INMP Savar plus INMAS Mymensingh and INMAS Chattogram — i.e. it revealed two future sites before any operator announced them. Procurement portals are forward-looking in a way registries are not.

  • NCBI E-utilities (PubMed efetch) — abstract retrieval for paywalled papers

    eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Yield: high

    Coverage
    every MEDLINE-indexed paper
    Notes
    A TECHNIQUE rather than a registry, and one that repeatedly unblocked this project. Publisher pages return 402/403 to automated fetches; efetch returns the abstract as plain text with no such barrier. Commissioning and radiation-survey papers are often the ONLY public documentation of a hospital cyclotron, so this converts a paywalled dead end into a citable finding.

  • Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), JINR — facilities pages

    flerovlab.jinr.ru archived Aug 2026 Yield: high — a big laboratory's own facilities page is a registry in miniature Cited in 2 records

    Coverage
    The laboratory's own listing of its accelerator complexes — U-400, U-400M, U-400R, DRIBs, DC-280, DC-140, IC-100 and the MT-25 microtron — with per-machine pages.
    Notes
    The authoritative inventory for Dubna's heavy-ion machines and the quickest way to see which FLNR cyclotrons are current. It surfaced IC-100 and DC-140, NEITHER of which was in this database. Pair it with the JINR news service (jinr.ru/posts) for design parameters straight from the operator; Rosatom's atomic-energy.ru republishes much of it with extra NIIEFA manufacturing detail, so the two together usually pin a machine down — and disagree usefully (they gave conflicting MSC-230 magnet masses).

  • JINR Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters (Pisma v EChAYa) open archive

    www1.jinr.ru archived May 2024 Yield: good, once the OCR route is used Cited in 8 records

    Coverage
    Full-text Russian-language PDFs of accelerator review papers, including NIIEFA product-line reviews that name customers and installation sites.
    Caveats
    The PDFs use a TeX Cyrillic font that pdftotext maps through cp1252, producing scrambled text with several capitals silently dropped. SOLUTION: render at 300 dpi with `pdftoppm` and OCR with `tesseract -l rus` (the rus language pack is not installed by default). This recovered the Vanin & Gavrish 2018 NIIEFA review, which established the Vinca CC-1-3 machine in Belgrade — Serbia's only record.

  • Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection (NTRP) — Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences

    ntrp.vinca.rs archived Mar 2026 Yield: decisive for Serbia Cited in 1 record

    Coverage
    Serbia's accelerator literature. The institute publishes construction, commissioning and instrumentation papers here that appear nowhere else.
    Notes
    For Serbian accelerators this IS the operator record, and the pages are plain fetchable HTML rather than a PDF or a portal. Both Serbian records in this database (the NIIEFA CC-1-3 and the in-house VINCY) rest on it together with JACoW proceedings. Same pattern as BanglaJOL: where a country has no registry, its institute's own open-access journal substitutes for one.

  • Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA)

    pnra.org archived Aug 2026 Yield: indirect

    Coverage
    Licenses and regulates all Pakistani radiation facilities, including cyclotron-based radiopharmaceutical manufacture and trade.
    Notes
    The useful pattern here is the inverse of a registry lookup — where the regulator publishes nothing, operators still advertise the licence they hold, so searching for the REGULATOR'S NAME alongside a city finds facilities the regulator itself will not list. That is how the Dr Ziauddin Hospital cyclotron in Karachi was found.
    Caveats
    No public facility list was reachable; PNRA surfaced only indirectly, through operators citing their own PNRA certification. Recorded as a lead.

  • Taiwan Society of Medical Cyclotron — TFDA-approved PET-drug compounding list

    cyclotron.org.tw archived Aug 2026 Yield: decisive for Taiwan

    Coverage
    nine hospitals plus two commercial manufacturers approved to compound PET drugs (2019-10-01)
    Notes
    Effectively Taiwan's national cyclotron list. Confirmed all four Taiwanese targets and flagged five more sites absent from the IAEA index.

  • No usable registry

    Cited in 10 records

    NO Arab / Middle East / Gulf regional cyclotron survey was found (though the Saudi national survey above covers that country completely). The Latin America and Caribbean survey above does NOT extend to the region despite a generic-sounding title. Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait and Lebanon must be worked facility by facility, in Arabic.

  • Nuclear Medicine in the UAE (Springer, chapter 23)

    doi.org archived Aug 2026

    Gives
    National account naming the first UAE cyclotron (Gulf International Cancer Centre, Abu Dhabi, 2009) and the second (Al Mulla Group, Al Nahda, Dubai).
    Caveats
    paywalled

  • JACoW "List of Cyclotrons 2007"

    proceedings.jacow.org archived Nov 2025 Yield: unexploited

    Coverage
    a global cyclotron inventory compiled for the 2007 Cyclotrons conference
    Caveats
    Text extraction failed in this environment; worth retrying elsewhere. A dated but genuinely worldwide machine-level list — potentially the single most useful historical cross-check available.

United States

  • FDA Drug Establishments Current Registration Site (DECRS)

    accessdata.fda.gov archived Aug 2026 Yield: decisive Cited in 101 records

    Coverage
    every US facility registered to produce PET drugs
    Gives
    company name, street address, city, state, FEI number, operation codes
    How to use it
    Filter on the "POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY DRUG PRODUCTION" operation code by state to get the complete candidate operator list for a city in one pass. This single file resolved most of the ~120 anonymized US entries. Wayback snapshots (2016/2020/2022) recover former operators and addresses after consolidation.
    Caveats
    Needs a browser User-Agent to download; fda.gov blocks some sandboxed fetches.

  • DailyMed

    dailymed.nlm.nih.gov archived Aug 2026 Yield: high (corroborates DECRS) Cited in 19 records

    Gives
    FDG/NaF drug labels naming the manufacturing establishment and city

  • NRC licensing and decommissioning records

    nrc.gov archived Jul 2026

    Gives
    cyclotron vault decommissioning, machine removals
    Caveats
    ADAMS PDFs often reachable only via web.archive.org from restricted networks.

Europe

  • D-A-CH cyclotron survey (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)

    doi.org archived Aug 2026 Yield: decisive — resolved a full German batch 13/13 Cited in 35 records

    Coverage
    peer-reviewed 2022 inventory of German/Austrian/Swiss cyclotrons
    Gives
    institution, make, energy, and operating status as of Dec 2021

  • ASNR / ASN authorisation filings (France)

    reglementation-controle.asnr.fr archived Aug 2026 Yield: decisive for France Cited in 14 records

    Gives
    authorised operator, site, machine, and operational state per installation
    Notes
    Distinguished a running "Sarcelles 2" from a "Sarcelles 1" out of service since 2017.

  • CNMC merger report C-0766/16 (Spain)

    cnmc.es archived Aug 2026 Yield: decisive for Spain Cited in 17 records

    Coverage
    tabulates ALL 16 Spanish PET cyclotrons by city, owner and operator
    Notes
    A competition-authority merger filing, not a health registry — found by accident. Competition and antitrust documents often enumerate an entire national industry's assets, which is exactly what a directory needs. The UK equivalent is the CMA's 2014 PET radiopharmacy submission.

  • CSN inspection acts (Spain)

    csn.es archived Aug 2026 Cited in 2 records

    Gives
    licensed radioactive installations, inspection findings, shutdowns
    Notes
    Documented Molypharma Madrid's 2012 shutdown and dismantling.

  • Choiński, "Cyclotrons in Poland", Acta Physica Polonica A 127, 1520 (2015)

    Yield: resolved all five outstanding Polish sites in one pass

    Coverage
    survey of Polish cyclotrons

  • Technopolis Group (2022), "Medical isotope production using local cyclotrons: a comparative study between Denmark and the Netherlands" (for the Dutch Ministry of Health, VWS)

    technopolis-group.com archived Jun 2025 Yield: decisive for BOTH the Netherlands and Denmark Cited in 23 records

    Coverage
    TWO complete national machine-level inventories. Table 5 (p.22-23) = all 16 Dutch cyclotrons; Table 3 (p.13-14) = all 13 DANISH cyclotrons. Both give location, operating organisation, year commissioned, manufacturer + model + energy (with particle species where not protons only), machine class and purpose.
    Notes
    A rich national inventory for both countries: the tables name individual machines with manufacturer, model and commissioning year, including Dutch proton-therapy centres (HollandPTC Delft, Varian ProBeam; Maastro Maastricht, Mevion S250i) and Danish sites such as Aarhus University Hospital (GE PETtrace 1993, GE PETtrace 2010, IBA Cyclone 18/9 2010) and Dansk Center for Partikelterapi (Varian ProBeam, 2019). Consultancy reports commissioned by health ministries are an under-used source type: they often contain the national inventory a ministry itself never publishes.
    Caveats
    Not error-free — treat model attributions with care. Table 5 pairs "Cyclone KIUBE" with commissioning years 2004 and 2009 at BV Cyclotron VU, but IBA introduced the KIUBE around 2016; manufacturer, year and energy from those rows are usable where the model is not. Its Alkmaar year (2013) also conflicts with the operator's own "own cyclotron since 2011". Table 5 is titled "current cyclotrons", so retired and historical machines are out of scope.

  • KEW licences (Kernenergiewet) — ANVS, Dutch nuclear regulator

    autoriteitnvs.nl archived Aug 2026 Yield: unexploited

    Coverage
    Every Dutch cyclotron operator holds a KEW licence naming the installation.
    Notes
    Cited by Technopolis as a primary source for its Table 5, but not fetched here. It is the authority that would settle the Alkmaar 2011-vs-2013 conflict, the BV Cyclotron VU model anomalies, and whether the 1968 Petten Philips AVF is still licensed.

  • AGCM decision I859 (Italian Competition Authority)

    agcm.it archived May 2025 Yield: high — but read the scope definition before using the totals

    Coverage
    company-by-company census of active Italian PET cyclotron sites
    Gives
    operator, plant location, and machine COUNT per site
    Notes
    The competition-authority pattern again (compare CNMC Spain and CMA UK): a merger or antitrust case forces a regulator to tabulate an entire national market. This one states plainly that Itel runs "due ciclotroni entrambi nello stabilimento di Ruvo di Puglia", confirming a second machine at that plant. Caution: its national total of roughly 15 active sites is far below the 30 Italian medical machines this census lists as operating — establish whether it counts only commercial merchant producers before treating it as a census of all Italian machines.

Japan

South Korea

  • KSNM60 review: The History of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences in Korea

    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov archived Aug 2026 Yield: moderate — resolved several regional university hospital machines Cited in 2 records

    Coverage
    Not a registry, but the closest national-level enumeration found: tabulates KIRAMS' three cyclotrons and the seven-site KIRAMS-13 regional programme (2003-2007), which placed domestically built 13 MeV machines at regional university hospitals.

  • GE Healthcare Korea statement, July 2018

    bosa.co.kr archived Aug 2026 Cited in 1 record

    Gives
    national headcount only — "43 cyclotrons installed in Korean medical institutions"
    Notes
    Useful for sanity-checking coverage completeness; not an enumerated list.

  • MFDS radiopharmaceutical GMP assessment list (via Korean Hospital Association)

    kha.or.kr archived Aug 2026 Yield: High. Corroborated Yeungnam and Kosin outright, surfaced further candidates, and allowed a clean negative (ruling out Busan Paik). Confirms sites; does not give machine make or model.

    Coverage
    every licensed radiopharmaceutical manufacturing site in Korea (2017-12-15 edition)
    Gives
    site name, host hospital and district
    How to use it
    The PDF is binary to ordinary fetching; extract with `pdftotext -layout`. A text extract is kept in this repo at data/reference/korea-mfds-gmp-2017.txt so it need not be re-fetched. Note the operator column often names a service company (CareCamp, KAI Healthcare, 남북의료기상사) rather than the hospital — useful for identifying who actually runs a machine.
    Notes
    Titled 방사성의약품 등 GMP 평가현황. Not a cyclotron registry, but a licensed-manufacturer list is a good proxy for PET cyclotron sites — the same trick as the FDA establishment file in the US. The closest thing Korea has to an enumerated national list; it names all 33 licensed radiopharmaceutical sites with operator company and district.

  • KOTRON-13 / KIRAMS-13 regional programme

    Coverage
    Korea built its own 13 MeV machines and placed them at regional national-university hospitals. Verified install order so far: Kyungpook NUH 2005, Chosun 2006, Pusan NU 2007, SNU Bundang 2008, with Kangwon NU, Jeonbuk NUH and Jeju NUH following.
    Notes
    Knowing this programme exists makes regional Korean hospital machines predictable.
    Further reading
    Chai J.S., "Recent status of commercial PET cyclotron and KOTRON-13", Korean J Nucl Med 2005;39:1-8 — likely contains a mid-2000s Korean cyclotron table; full text not obtained.

  • Yonsei University Health System official chronology

    yuhs.severance.healthcare archived Aug 2026

    Gives
    dated institutional timeline; settles Severance / Gangnam Severance cyclotron questions
    Notes
    A reminder of a general technique — large Korean and Japanese hospital groups publish dated 연혁 / 沿革 (institutional history) pages that record when equipment was installed. These are often the only public source for a machine's first-beam year.

  • "국내 Cyclotron현황" national table (Naver blog)

    Yield: unknown (inaccessible)

    Coverage
    hospital / model / installation year for Korean cyclotrons
    Caveats
    blog.naver.com is unfetchable from this environment, so the table could not be used. Flagged for anyone with normal browser access — it is the closest thing seen to a complete Korean machine-level list.

  • HelloDD national count (news)

    hellodd.com archived Aug 2026

    Gives
    national headcount — 39 operating cyclotrons, 8 domestically developed
    Notes
    Sanity-check for coverage completeness, not an enumerated list.

  • No usable registry

    South Korea has no official enumerated cyclotron registry. KIRAMS, the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine (대한핵의학회), the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (원자력안전위원회) and KINS publish no locatable facility list. Korean facilities have to be verified hospital by hospital, in Korean, using the GMP list and KOTRON programme above as scaffolding. Recorded so the next researcher does not repeat the search.

  • Lee JY & Song H-S, 'Current status and problems of regional cyclotron centers in Korea', J Med Life Sci 21(3) 2024

    e-jmls.org archived Aug 2026 Yield: high — for CORRECTIONS, not additions

    Coverage
    every regional KIRAMS-13 centre, with per-site DISPOSAL status
    Gives
    which centres scrapped their cyclotron, which replaced it, which still run the original
    Notes
    A decay source rather than a discovery source, and the most valuable kind. Table 1 exposed six wrong records in one reading: Chosun and Kangwon were listed as operating years after disposal, and four more sites had swapped their original machine for a different one. Worth looking for the equivalent paper in every country.

  • Korean national cyclotron survey, Nuclear Engineering and Technology (2024)

    khu.elsevierpure.com archived Oct 2025 Yield: high (as a denominator)

    Coverage
    51 cyclotrons installed in Korea 1985–2023 — 35 operational, 14 shut down, 2 decommissioned
    Notes
    Gives a national TOTAL to check coverage against, which is how Korea was shown to be essentially complete (34 held vs 35 operational) despite the IAEA index implying a 13-machine shortfall. Country totals are worth more than country lists.

China

India

  • AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) / eLORA

    aerb.gov.in archived Aug 2017 Yield: unproven (host unreachable)

    Coverage
    national licensing authority for radiation facilities; eLORA is the licensing database
    Caveats
    No public facility inventory. A "Contact List for Radiation Facilities" PDF is advertised and would be the most likely Indian national list, but four attempts (WebFetch and direct curl, several paths) all failed at the connection level with HTTP 000 / ECONNRESET — the whole aerb.gov.in host appears unreachable from this network. Treat as BLOCKED, not missing: someone on an ordinary connection should try it.

  • "PET/CT: Current status in India" (2008 review)

    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov archived Aug 2026 Yield: Good for per-city counts and energies of pre-2010 machines, but it names almost no institutions — it corroborates a candidate rather than identifying one. Cited in 5 records

    Coverage
    city-by-city breakdown of 14 Indian cyclotrons with energies
    Notes
    A genuinely useful semi-registry for India's older machines, and the best enumerated Indian source found. A 2023 Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine review gives an updated count (24 medical cyclotron facilities) but no list.

  • IBA-Shreeji multi-site agreement (Feb 2026)

    iba-worldwide.com archived Aug 2026 Cited in 6 records

    Gives
    Enumerates Shreeji's four existing Indian cyclotron sites (Mumbai, Delhi NCR, Lucknow, Bengaluru) and four new Cyclone KIUBE 300s bound for Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Kochi and Bhubaneswar.
    Notes
    Manufacturer multi-site agreements are a good forward-looking source — they reveal machines before they appear in any registry. Shreeji also acquired FDI Care in 2025, which is how operator changes surface.

Russia

  • NIIEFA (D.V. Efremov Institute) install-base data

    www1.jinr.ru archived Aug 2025 Yield: promising — should help resolve the 40 anonymized Russian entries Cited in 5 records

    Coverage
    Smirnov et al. 2025 in JINR's Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters. NIIEFA is Russia's main cyclotron manufacturer, so its delivery record is effectively a national install base: four CC-18/9-family complexes delivered (the fourth, a CC-18/9M, to JSC NIITFA Moscow) plus three current builds — CC-18P for the East Siberian Oncology Centre (Irkutsk), CC-30P for the Almazov NMRC (St Petersburg) and CC-30/15 for the Khlopin Radium Institute.
    Notes
    The manufacturer-as-registry pattern again (cf. Nihon Medi-Physics in Japan, Shreeji in India). Rosatom press channels report NIIEFA positioned as sole cyclotron supplier for the Health Ministry's nuclear-medicine roadmap (18 machines), so a fuller public list may follow.

  • Russian procurement / tender aggregators

    rostender.info archived Aug 2026 Yield: high — best Russian route

    Coverage
    public tenders for equipment service, modernisation and supply
    Gives
    Cyclotron MODEL plus the customer organisation and its INN (tax ID) — the model-to-operator link that Russian PET directories omit. Service and modernisation contracts are especially good because they name machines already installed.
    Notes
    The single most productive Russian technique found. It also surfaces machines absent from the IAEA index entirely (an unrecorded GE PETtrace 880 at AO Meditsina's Institute of Nuclear Medicine in Khimki, and an unattributed PET cyclotron in Kolpino). The general lesson: where a country runs public procurement portals, service contracts are a machine-level registry in disguise — the same trick that worked with China's ccgp.gov.cn.
    Also
    tender-race.ru, expertcentre.org, bicotender.ru

  • Institute "Trudy" (Труды) proceedings volumes

    khlopin.ru archived Aug 2026 Yield: high for institute machine histories

    Coverage
    Russian institutes publish their own Trudy (proceedings) volumes. The Khlopin Radium Institute's vol. XV (2011) gives full MGC-20 parameters, build chronology, and the fact that only eight MGC-20s were ever built (four of them in Russia).
    Notes
    Worth mining for any Russian institute machine — these volumes carry machine histories that exist nowhere online in structured form. A model's total production run is also a strong cross-check when an index row claims one in an implausible place.

  • Cited in 2 records

    Decoding
    RUSSIAN INDEX QUIRK: in the IAEA rows, some "model" fields are not models at all but INSTITUTE ABBREVIATIONS — "РИ" (Радиевый институт, the Radium Institute) and "ФТИ" (Физико-технический институт, the Ioffe Institute). Decode these before treating them as machine names; the pattern recurs across Russian entries.

  • oncogram.ru — Russian PET-centre directory

    oncogram.ru archived Aug 2026 Yield: Good for some regional cities, near-useless for Moscow. Operators' own sites (cyclotronzao.ru, rc.nrcki.ru, trackpore.ru), MSU's ISTINA equipment register and JINR PEPAN Letters papers outperformed it in the Moscow/St Petersburg batches. Cited in 2 records

    Coverage
    per-city Russian PET-centre pages plus a national "ПЭТ центры России" index
    Gives
    Itemised equipment lists including cyclotron model AND serial number (e.g. Magnitogorsk "циклотрон Eclipse RD/10119111").
    Notes
    Useful but UNEVEN. Some city pages carry full equipment lists with model and serial number (Magnitogorsk), but the national index and the Moscow page give only centre names, addresses and phone numbers — no equipment at all. Check the specific city page before relying on it.

  • pet-net.ru

    pet-net.ru archived Aug 2026 Yield: good (complements rmsintez.ru) Cited in 3 records

    Gives
    every site in the PET-Technology network

  • RadioMedSintez / PET-Technology network page

    rmsintez.ru archived Aug 2026 Yield: good for the commercial PET network Cited in 2 records

    Coverage
    Operator install base: 5 owned production sites with cyclotrons (Ufa, Elets, Stavropol, Novosibirsk, ul. Pavlovskaya) plus 3 partner sites (Balashikha, Chelyabinsk, Kazan).
    Notes
    ПЭТ-Технолоджи drove Russia's post-2010 PET expansion; its own network page enumerates sites the IAEA index lists anonymously.

  • JINR news service

    jinr.ru Yield: high for Dubna

    Coverage
    operator-published construction and commissioning news for Dubna machines
    Gives
    design parameters that appear nowhere else, in Russian
    Notes
    Supplied the MSC-230 and DC-140 parameters directly from the operator. Rosatom's atomic-energy.ru republishes much of it with extra NIIEFA manufacturing detail, so the two together usually pin a machine down. flerovlab.jinr.ru is the matching per-machine facility inventory for FLNR.

  • Russian tender aggregators (bicotender.ru and similar)

    bicotender.ru archived Aug 2026 Yield: low — leads only

    Coverage
    mirrors of Russian procurement notices, including cyclotron maintenance contracts
    Notes
    Low yield without a paid account — the customer name is masked on free pages, so a tender can prove a machine exists in a town without identifying its operator. That is exactly what blocked the Kolpino (St Petersburg) lead. Use to find leads, then resolve on zakupki.gov.ru.

Canada

  • Isotope Technology Acceleration Program / CycloMed99

    Gives
    Federal programme records for the 2012-2018 push to make Tc-99m on hospital cyclotrons instead of reactors; good corroboration for Canadian hospital machines.

Pakistan

  • PAEC nuclear-medicine network (CERN-MEDICIS presentation, Feb 2020)

    indico.cern.ch archived Aug 2026 Yield: decisive for Pakistan Cited in 1 record

    Coverage
    Country totals (7 PET-CT scanners, 5 cyclotrons), a map of all PAEC nuclear-medicine institutes (INMOL, NORI, INOR, NORIN, KIRAN, IRNUM, CENAR, Bahawalpur and others) and per-site equipment detail — effectively Pakistan's national list.
    Notes
    PAEC also publishes a "Nuclear Medical Centres of PAEC" institute table with establishment dates, and now runs 21 Atomic Energy Cancer Hospitals. A conference presentation by a national atomic-energy agency is a source type worth trying in any state-run system.

Middle East and North Africa

  • Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), CNRS-L

    cnrs.edu.lb archived Aug 2026 Yield: unexploited — high potential

    Coverage
    national register of radioactive sources and facility authorisations
    Notes
    The authoritative answer to whether Lebanon's two IAEA-listed cyclotrons exist. Its published inventories were not reachable when checked in August 2026.

  • Centre National de Radioprotection (CNRP) and CNSTN, Tunisia

    cnrp.rnrt.tn Yield: unreachable so far

    Coverage
    Tunisian radiation-protection regulator; CNSTN is the national nuclear science centre
    Notes
    The whole rnrt.tn government domain answered on neither port 80 nor 443 across two attempts — an infrastructure block rather than an evidence gap. Tunisia's cyclotron turns out to belong to a private operator (SISORA, Le Kram) rather than the state centre, so do not assume the national lab holds the machine.

  • Assada Company for Medical Equipment and Materials (ACMEM), Libya

    acmem.com archived Aug 2026 Yield: low

    Coverage
    IBA's local distributor for Libya
    Notes
    The manufacturer-distributor-as-registry pattern. Names no clients, so it corroborates that IBA sells into the country without identifying the site — insufficient on its own.

Latin America and the Caribbean

  • Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC) — SIAPINC document server

    siapinc4.cancer.gov.co Yield: unfinished — near-certain record behind it

    Coverage
    Colombia's national cancer institute internal document management system
    Notes
    Indexes manuals explicitly scoped to "la Radiofarmacia y Ciclotrón del INC" and an "Operador de Ciclotrón" job description — strong evidence of a machine, but every download timed out. The best unfinished lead in Latin America; retry this host.

  • Hazardous Substances Regulatory Authority (HSRA), Jamaica

    Yield: unexploited — would settle a contested record

    Coverage
    Jamaica's radiation licensing body
    Notes
    Named as licensor in reporting on the 2022 UHWI nuclear medicine centre. Two research passes reached OPPOSITE conclusions on whether Jamaica has a cyclotron at all; HSRA is the body that would settle it. No public facility list located.

Manufacturers

  • IBA Cyclone 70 reference brochure

    hm-offload.s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com archived Jan 2026 Yield: decisive for that row

    Coverage
    complete worldwide install list for the Cyclone 70
    Notes
    Manufacturer "reference list" brochures for a single model are a clean way to resolve a high-energy anonymized row — this one identified a 70 MeV machine in Moscow. Ask for the equivalent brochure whenever an index row names an unusual or large model.

  • Cited in 1 record

    Notes
    Manufacturer press releases and install-base pages are strong corroboration and often give installation dates. Most used here — IBA (iba-radiopharmasolutions.com), Advanced Cyclotron Systems (advancedcyclotron.com), GE HealthCare, Siemens/PETNET, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Japan Steel Works, Best Cyclotron Systems, Curium (curiumpharma.com), SOFIE, Cyclotek, Theragenics.

Corporate and regulatory filings

  • Notes
    SEC filings and annual reports sometimes state how many cyclotrons a company operates at a site — this is how Theragenics' 14-cyclotron campus in Buford, Georgia was established. Company registry lookups also resolve renamed and merged operators.

Practical notes

Four habits that did more work than any single source:

  • Search in the local language; most operators outside the anglosphere publish only in it.
  • Regulators beat operators for status — a licence or inspection record outlives a webpage.
  • Negative evidence is worth recording: that the Canary Islands import all PET radiopharmaceuticals is a finding, not a failure.
  • Search-engine result pages are never sources. Cite the page you actually read.

A source that is missing

Registries appear and disappear, and national sources are the hardest for any one researcher to find. If you know of a registry, survey, or regulatory list that documents cyclotron installations — particularly in a country covered thinly above — it is welcome at the contact page. Corrections to the census itself are welcome there too.