{ "_meta": { "dataset": "Cyclotron Info — annotated cyclotron & accelerator bibliography", "url": "https://cyclotroninfo.com/library/", "license": "CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)", "attribution": "Cyclotron Info (cyclotroninfo.com)", "note": "Scores: amateur_relevance and hands_on are 0-5 editorial ratings of usefulness to small-machine builders. Annotations are editorial summaries.", "count": 201, "exported": "2026-08-12" }, "documents": [ { "id": "lib-001", "title": "A Solid State 1.25 kW Linear Amplifier (QST, January 2015)", "authors": "Andrew J. Buckler, K2OP (ARRL QST)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "rf", "matching", "fabrication", "coils" ], "summary": "QST construction article for a single-cabinet homebrew 160 m - 2 m, 1.25 kW LDMOS amplifier using the MRFE6VP61K25H on W6PQL boards: two-deck architecture (2 m deck plus an HF+6 deck spanning 1.8-54 MHz from one device), common controller with sequencer, ALC, VSWR lockout, six-bank diplexer harmonic filtering, and copper heat-spreader thermal design. Includes ARRL Lab test results.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "http://www.arrl.org/news/k2op-wins-january-qst-cover-plaque-award", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-002", "title": "BOC Edwards SI100 Diffusion Pump - Instruction Manual (B344-50-880 Issue B)", "authors": "BOC Edwards", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "vacuum", "seals" ], "summary": "Full instruction manual for the Edwards SI100 air-cooled vapour diffusion pump (90 V and 180 V heater variants): technical data, installation, operation, and detailed maintenance including fluid changes and inlet-baffle/radiation-shield disassembly.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5 }, { "id": "lib-003", "title": "Characterizing the Performance of the Houghton College Cyclotron", "authors": "Daniel Haas, Houghton College (advisor Mark Yuly)", "year": 2009, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "chamber", "dee", "vacuum", "rf", "beam-measurement", "ion-source", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Houghton College cyclotron thesis on the CHAMBER/DEE REBUILD after a dee-to-wall discharge destroyed the original glass-insulated dee in 2007. A new vacuum chamber and 15 cm dee were designed and built, run in a 1.1 T magnet with hot-filament ionization, and successfully accelerated protons, molecular hydrogen, and helium. Includes calibration of the pickup probe, magnetic field, and RGA-based gas analysis.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://dspace.houghton.edu/items/b478d3c4-60f2-4117-b375-264d849fe15b", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-004", "title": "Design of a 2 MeV Cyclotron", "authors": "Peter V. Heuer and Heidi T. Baumgartner (The Cyclotron Kids)", "year": 2009, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "coils", "rf", "matching", "dee", "ion-source", "vacuum", "chamber", "targets", "detectors" ], "summary": "Complete amateur design document for a 2 MeV proton cyclotron by the well-known high-school \"Cyclotron Kids\" team: proton energy requirements, vacuum chamber, ion source and beam characteristics, RF electronics with a full matching-network schematic, electromagnet yoke and coil design, and target/detector plans plus proposed experiments. The closest thing in this batch to a soup-to-nuts amateur build plan.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://thecyclotronkids.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/cyclotron-master-document-09-09-012-3-00.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-005", "title": "Exploring the Capabilities of the Houghton College Cyclotron", "authors": "Nicholas A. Fuller, Houghton College (advisor Mark Yuly)", "year": 2013, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "rf", "ion-source", "vacuum", "beam-measurement", "magnet", "targets" ], "summary": "Houghton College cyclotron thesis on WHOLE-MACHINE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIZATION. The 72 mm max-radius machine at up to 1.2 T reached 317 keV protons (400 keV projected with better magnet supply/cooling). Performance was mapped against gas pressure, filament voltage, orbit radius, and dee voltage, and candidate low-energy nuclear reactions (D-D, (p,gamma) resonances on 19F and 31P) are proposed as physics targets.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://dspace.houghton.edu/items/67443019-a190-477b-9b3d-5ee9ae94c3d0", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-006", "title": "Field Mapping in Cyclotron Magnets", "authors": "Timothy W. Koeth, James E. Krutzler (Rutgers University)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "magnet", "beam-measurement", "cyclotron-general", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Practical write-up from the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron project on 2-D magnetic field mapping of four interchangeable pole-tip sets: two azimuthally symmetric (weak focusing) and two AVF (radial and spiral sector). Describes the measurement hardware, mapping procedure, and analysis (average field, flutter, field errors, shimming verification), explicitly written to help others set up similar measurements.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "http://www.nuclearphysicslab.com/npl/wp-content/uploads/Mag_Field_Mapping_July_6_2015.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-007", "title": "General Recommendations for Design of Small Cyclotrons (UCRL-476)", "authors": "Louis Wouters, University of California Radiation Laboratory / US AEC", "year": 1949, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "rf", "dee", "ion-source", "vacuum", "chamber", "safety", "fabrication", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "A 1949 UCRL cookbook for designing and building small cyclotrons, using a working 6-inch machine as the worked example. Covers magnet design (iron saturation, leakage flux, ampere-turn calculation, coil winding and cooling), tank and single-dee construction, hydrogen ion source (tungsten filament arc, palladium leak valve), a grounded-grid Hartley oscillator, bake-out and first-beam operating procedure, and safety precautions, with schematic drawings and a magnet design sheet appended.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA297376", "link_label": "archive" }, { "id": "lib-008", "title": "Initial Results from the Houghton College Cyclotron", "authors": "Andrew J. Loucks, Houghton College (advisor Mark Yuly)", "year": 2007, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "vacuum", "rf", "ion-source", "beam-measurement", "fusion" ], "summary": "The first Houghton College cyclotron thesis: FULL INITIAL MACHINE description and first performance measurements. Covers the 15.3 cm chamber in a 1.1 T magnet, 2-15 MHz multi-kV RF, 1e-6 torr vacuum, hot-cathode ion source for H/He/D, plus supporting systems (water chiller, gas handling, current collector, GPIB control). Predicted max energies ~280 keV protons, 140 keV deuterons, and lays out D-D reaction theory as the goal.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://dspace.houghton.edu/items/97513cba-fa4d-4228-9deb-7b6a79a5f11e", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-009", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets: Design, Fabrication, Assembly and Measurements (SLAC-R-754)", "authors": "Jack Tanabe (SLAC/USPAS)", "year": 2005, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "fabrication", "materials", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "The USPAS conventional-magnet-design textbook, grown from Klaus Halbach's lecture tradition. Part one is theory and computation (2-D field theory, use of a magnet field code, magnetic measurement techniques); part two is thoroughly practical: component fabrication, coil winding, assembly, installation, alignment, and personnel/equipment protection, illustrated with real magnets from ALS, PEPII, and SPEAR3 with the design decisions rationalized.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/878409", "link_label": "OSTI" }, { "id": "lib-010", "title": "Keithley Model 617 Programmable Electrometer - Instruction Manual", "authors": "Keithley Instruments", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "beam-measurement", "detectors" ], "summary": "Full instruction manual for the Keithley 617 programmable electrometer, containing complete operating instructions (volts, amps, ohms, coulombs, V-source), measurement technique/error discussion, IEEE-488 programming, performance verification, and servicing/calibration information.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.tek.com/en/manual/model-617-programmable-electrometer-instruction-manual-rev-g-97mb", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-011", "title": "Parker O-Ring Handbook - Design Chart 4-3: O-Ring Face Seal Glands", "authors": "Parker Hannifin O-Ring Division", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "handbook", "topics": [ "seals", "vacuum", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Single extracted page from the Parker O-Ring Handbook giving the complete dimensional design chart for static face-seal glands: gland depth, squeeze, groove width (separate columns for vacuum vs liquid service), groove radius, and surface finish for every standard O-ring cross section.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://discover.parker.com/Parker-ORing-Handbook-ORD-5700", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-012", "title": "Particle Accelerators", "authors": "M. Stanley Livingston and John P. Blewett", "year": 1962, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "ion-source", "dee", "vacuum", "beam-dynamics", "targets", "shielding", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "The canonical accelerator engineering text, written from the authors' first-hand experience building the machines. Chapter-per-machine treatment (electrostatic generators, cyclotron, betatron, synchrotrons, linacs) plus cross-cutting engineering chapters on ion sources, particle motion, and magnet design and measurement. The cyclotron chapter alone is a complete design manual for a classical fixed-frequency machine.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5 }, { "id": "lib-013", "title": "Rutgers 12 Inch Cyclotron Ion Source Studies: Part I", "authors": "Timothy W. Koeth (Rutgers University)", "year": 2006, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "ion-source", "dee", "beam-dynamics", "beam-measurement", "fabrication", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Working note on diagnosing and fixing the Rutgers cyclotron's low beam current (<10 nA, goal 1 uA). Traces the problem to meager ion production rather than RF or focusing, drawing on advice from MSU and DESY operators, computes turn spacing (0.04 in at r=4 in, 10 kV Vpp, 1 T) to show the shielded ion collector was masking inner-radius beam, and documents the design of a chimney over the ion source (following R.R. Wilson's 1939 source concept) to localize ion production at the optimal position and RF phase.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "http://www.nuclearphysicslab.com/npl/wp-content/uploads/ion_source_studies_part_1.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-014", "title": "Simple Penning ion source for laboratory research and development applications", "authors": "Joshua L. Rovey, Brandon P. Ruzic, Thomas J. Houlahan (Starfire Industries LLC)", "year": 2007, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "fabrication", "vacuum", "materials" ], "summary": "Three-page Review of Scientific Instruments note describing a deliberately simple, cheap PIG source buildable with basic machining: iron cathode body, SmCo permanent magnet (~3 kG), folded stainless sheet anode, iron faceplate. Delivers a continuous 1 mA H+ beam at 1 mTorr with 5.4 kV / 32.4 W. All dimensions, materials, and assembly steps are given expressly so others can replicate it.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2791983", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-015", "title": "Solid-state, 2-decade, 1.25 kW Linear Amplifier - Development Notebook", "authors": "Andrew J. Buckler, K2OP", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "rf", "matching", "fabrication", "coils", "materials", "project-management" ], "summary": "The full build diary behind the QST January 2015 article: a homebrew 1.8-148 MHz 1.25 kW LDMOS amplifier (MRFE6VP61K25H) built from W6PQL boards and Communication Concepts parts. Covers reference-design adaptation, SPICE work, VDD/metering, controller/ALC/attenuators, T/R switching, input/output transformer design, degenerative feedback, harmonic filters and SWR detection, packaging/cooling, failures encountered, and a complete bill of materials.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.arrl.org/files/file/QST%20Binaries/January2015/Development_Notebook.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-016", "title": "Sorensen DCS 55-55 M62 DC Power Supply Manual", "authors": "Sorensen", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils" ], "summary": "Operation and service manual for the Sorensen DCS 55-55 (0-55 V, 0-55 A, ~3 kW) switching DC power supply, including installation, front-panel and remote analog programming, and calibration.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5 }, { "id": "lib-017", "title": "The Oak Ridge 86-Inch Cyclotron (ORNL-1196)", "authors": "Robert S. Livingston and Alfred L. Boch, Oak Ridge National Laboratory", "year": 1952, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "dee", "ion-source", "vacuum", "targets", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Full design/construction/commissioning report for ORNL's 86-inch fixed-frequency proton cyclotron, which delivered over 1 mA internal proton beam at 23 MeV within two years of the 1949 start. Covers the vertically suspended dees in a horizontal field, high dee voltage RF system, ion-loading control in the resonant system, oscillator plate supplies, and target development, with copious construction photos and drawings.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4357145", "link_label": "OSTI" }, { "id": "lib-018", "title": "Theoretical Calculations and Measurements of the DEE Voltage in the Rutgers 12 Inch Cyclotron", "authors": "Timothy W. Koeth (Rutgers University)", "year": 2005, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "dee", "rf", "matching", "beam-measurement", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Student-oriented working note deriving the expected peak dee voltage of the Rutgers 12-inch cyclotron and validating it by measurement. Models the dee as a lumped capacitance (parallel-plate estimate 77.5 pF vs 78.1 pF measured on an L-C meter) in an L-C tank, works through Q, series resistance, mutual inductance, and critical coupling, then calibrates a capacitive chamber pickup against a Tektronix P6015 HV probe so dee voltage can be tracked at powers beyond direct-probe limits.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 5, "link": "http://koethcyclotron.org/?page_id=215", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-019", "title": "A Preliminary Design for a Small Permanent Magnet Cyclotron (B.S. thesis, Houghton College)", "authors": "Barry Thomas King (advisor Mark Yuly), Houghton College", "year": 2002, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "dee", "ion-source", "vacuum", "chamber" ], "summary": "Undergraduate design thesis for a tabletop cyclotron using a 0.5 T permanent magnet with adjustable iron pole pieces sealed to the chamber with vacuum grease, a single brass RF electrode driven at 3.6-11.5 MHz by a commercial amplifier, internal hot-cathode ionization of low-pressure hydrogen fill gas, and a diffusion pump with LN2 cold trap. Predicted energies 37.5-87.7 keV protons, 18.7-43.8 keV deuterons.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://dspace.houghton.edu/items/164b3b58-9071-498b-9628-e6ab5ed9c88c", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-020", "title": "A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology, Third Edition", "authors": "John F. O'Hanlon (University of Arizona)", "year": 2003, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "vacuum", "seals", "materials", "fabrication", "chamber" ], "summary": "The standard practical vacuum reference for system users rather than designers of pumps: gas flow regimes, outgassing and gas release from solids, pressure gauges, flow meters, RGAs and interpretation of RGA spectra, all pump families (mechanical, diffusion, turbo, cryo, ion, getter), materials, and complete system design grouped by application. Written explicitly for the student/technician/engineer who must operate, troubleshoot, and specify vacuum equipment.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1002/0471467162", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-021", "title": "Accelerator Vacuum and Mechanical Engineering (USPAS course, UCRL-MI-201847)", "authors": "Louis R. Bertolini, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory", "year": 2004, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "vacuum", "seals", "materials", "fabrication", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Complete US Particle Accelerator School short-course slide set on vacuum and mechanical engineering for accelerators, in 14 modules: vacuum fundamentals, estimating gasloads, system design calculations, mechanical/ion/NEG/Ti-sublimation/ cryo pumps, gauges, materials and joint design, leak detection, vacuum hardware, cleaning and processing, and supports/alignment. Taught by a practicing LLNL mechanical engineer with worked calculations.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://uspas.fnal.gov/materials/04UW/uspas2004all.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-022", "title": "AD-25-500 Alpha Particle Detector", "authors": "AlexDetector (scintillators.ru)", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "detectors", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "Datasheet for the AD-25-500 silicon alpha-particle detector: 500 mm2 active area, 40-60 V operating bias, ~1% energy resolution at 5.48 MeV (Am-241). Includes handling warnings (never touch the active area) and OEM purchase terms.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.scintillators.ru/datasheet/Alpha_particle_detector_AD-25-500.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-023", "title": "Apple Rubber Products Seal Design Guide", "authors": "Apple Rubber Products, Inc.", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "handbook", "topics": [ "seals", "vacuum", "materials", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Vendor engineering handbook (first published 1989, this is a later consolidated edition) covering O-ring fundamentals, static and dynamic gland design with full dimensional tables, operating environment factors, elastomer material selection, special applications, and a seal-failure troubleshooting section. Includes AS-568 size tables and gland detail drawings with surface-finish callouts.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.applerubber.com/seal-design-guide/", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-024", "title": "Basic design and engineering of normal-conducting, iron-dominated electromagnets", "authors": "Th. Zickler (CERN)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "materials", "fabrication" ], "summary": "CERN Accelerator School guide-book (CERN-2010-004 proceedings) giving step-by-step analytic design of a conventional accelerator electromagnet before touching field codes. Covers magnet types, requirements gathering, magnetic circuit layout, yoke design, coil dimensioning, water cooling circuits, yoke/coil material selection, and magnet cost estimation, deliberately with minimal mathematics.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1119", "link_label": "arXiv" }, { "id": "lib-025", "title": "Beam Energy Measurements with a new HV Deflection System and Ion Source Upgrades on the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron", "authors": "Timothy Ponter, Rutgers University (Small Cyclotron Conference 2010)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "beam-measurement", "ion-source", "dee", "beam-dynamics", "safety" ], "summary": "Detailed slide deck on adding an electrostatic deflector (\"beam peeler\") to the Rutgers 12-inch cyclotron to extract beam at 4 in radius and measure central energy and energy spread, plus ion source upgrades. Achieved successful deflection at 28 kV in a 0.97 T field, measuring ~0.51 MeV protons with 13.3 keV spread against a 12.7 keV prediction -- excellent theory/experiment agreement for a student machine.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-026", "title": "Canberra PIPS Detector Instruction Sheet with BKPD 50-11-500 AM detector certificates", "authors": "Canberra Industries / Canberra Semiconductor N.V.", "year": 2012, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "detectors", "vendor", "vacuum" ], "summary": "Canberra's one-page PIPS handling/operation instruction sheet plus factory test certificates for two specific Partially Depleted PIPS detectors, model BKPD 50-11-500 AM (serials 98343/98344, June 2012): 50 mm2 active area, 500 um depletion, warranted 11 keV alpha resolution. Covers bias-up procedure, leakage-current and pulser checks, alpha resolution testing, cleaning (isopropyl only, never methyl alcohol), and warranty limits.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-027", "title": "Design and Construction of a Cyclotron Capable of Accelerating Protons to 2 MeV (B.S. thesis, MIT)", "authors": "Leslie Dewan (advisor David G. Cory), MIT Nuclear Science and Engineering", "year": 2007, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "vacuum", "chamber", "targets", "dee" ], "summary": "Short MIT undergraduate thesis on designing and building a small proton cyclotron around a surplus Varian V-3900 NMR electromagnet (2.7 T at 1.25 inch gap), targeting ~2 MeV protons - enough for the Li-7(p,n)Be-7 reaction. Covers the basic orbit/energy math, magnet characterization from the vendor manual, and the planned chamber, RF, and target arrangement at student-lab scale.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/41681", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-028", "title": "Focusing in the Houghton College Cyclotron", "authors": "Sylvia I. Morrow, Houghton College (advisor Mark Yuly)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "magnet", "beam-dynamics", "chamber", "cyclotron-general", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Houghton College tabletop cyclotron thesis on the MAGNET/FOCUSING subsystem. Most beam current was being lost to Dee and chamber-wall collisions, so the magnet and chamber were modeled in Poisson Superfish with ion tracking in SIMION 8.1 to improve weak magnetic focusing while keeping field index n below 0.2 inside the max orbit. Concluded the best fix is replacing aluminum chamber lids with magnetic stainless steel lids 2.2 cm larger in radius than the Dee, theoretically doubling max proton energy to 900 keV, though phase slippage limits practical gain.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://dspace.houghton.edu/items/d9e8fcb1-b735-4417-b574-70786e556d3c", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-029", "title": "Granville-Phillips Series 354 Micro-Ion Vacuum Gauge Module with Analog Output - Instruction Manual (354004 Rev E)", "authors": "MKS Instruments / Granville-Phillips", "year": 2017, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "vacuum" ], "summary": "Instruction manual for the GP 354 Micro-Ion hot-cathode ionization gauge module with analog output: installation, operation, degas, overpressure shutdown, specifications, and troubleshooting.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.mks.com/mam/celum/celum_assets/resources/GP-354wAnalogOutput-354004-MAN.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-030", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 6: Excitation, Coil Design, System Design and Water Flow", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "fabrication" ], "summary": "The engineering core of the series: ampere-turn calculation from the integral form of Poisson's equation, current-density vs magnet-power trade-offs, coil and power-supply system optimization to pick canonical current densities, and full water-cooling design — flow requirements from heat capacity, pressure-drop and Reynolds-number formulas, velocity limits.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://uspas.fnal.gov/materials/11ODU/Lec6.ppt", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-031", "title": "Keithley Model 617 Programmable Electrometer - Quick Reference Guide", "authors": "Keithley Instruments", "year": 1984, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "beam-measurement", "detectors" ], "summary": "Condensed quick-reference guide for the Keithley 617 programmable electrometer: abbreviated specifications, front-panel feature descriptions, and IEEE-488 bus programming with example programs for period controllers (HP-85, IBM PC, Apple II, etc.).", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://download.tek.com/manual/617_903_01A.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-032", "title": "Magnets for Cyclotrons", "authors": "S. Zaremba (IBA)", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "cyclotron-general", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "CERN Accelerator School lecture slides by an IBA accelerator physicist on designing cyclotron magnets, from an industrial compact-cyclotron perspective. Covers the iterative design workflow (hand calculations, then 2-D, then 3-D field codes), isochronism and how to obtain it via pole shaping/shimming, interaction of the magnet with RF, vacuum, ion source and extraction subsystems, and closes with mechanical design notes.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2006-012.253", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-033", "title": "O-Ring Vacuum Sealing (Catalog 5705B)", "authors": "Parker Hannifin Corporation, O-Ring Division", "year": 1998, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "handbook", "topics": [ "seals", "vacuum", "materials", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Parker's dedicated vacuum-sealing guide: how elastomer seals behave in vacuum service, covering permeation and outgassing of compounds, leak rate estimation, compound selection, and gland design adjustments specific to vacuum (higher squeeze, finer surface finish, reduced groove volume).", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.parker.com/content/dam/Parker-com/Literature/O-Ring-Division-Literature/ORD-5705-Parker-O-Ring-Vacuum-Sealing-Guide.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-034", "title": "Sorensen/AMETEK DCS-E 3kW Series DC Power Supplies - Operation Manual (M362295-01 Rev C)", "authors": "AMETEK Programmable Power (Sorensen/Elgar)", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils" ], "summary": "Operation manual for the Sorensen DCS-E 3 kW programmable DC power supply family (DCS8-350E through DCS150-20E), covering installation, front-panel and remote analog programming, and calibration.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.programmablepower.com/products/dc-power-supplies/f61cbe69-b673-4b7c-84d9-c27e6309b579", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-035", "title": "The Cyclotron Kids 14-Inch Accelerator", "authors": "Heidi Baumgartner and Peter Heuer (Small Cyclotron Conference 2010)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "coils", "vacuum", "rf", "chamber", "fabrication" ], "summary": "The two high-school \"Cyclotron Kids\" present their 14-inch, 1.6 T, 2.4 MeV-goal proton cyclotron built from scrounged parts at Jefferson Lab, aimed at eventual pair-production experiments. Covers the Poisson Superfish-designed magnet yoke from JLab boneyard scrap steel, 720-turn water-cooled pancake coils at 120 A, a 1e-7 torr diffusion-pumped chamber with removable thin lids on support rods, and a repurposed 3 kW 13.56 MHz plasma-sputtering RF generator being retuned to 24 MHz.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.physics.ucla.edu/~pheuer/content/docs/2010_cyc_talk.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-036", "title": "The Cyclotron Kids' 2 MeV Proton Cyclotron (Cyclotrons 2013, WE1PB05)", "authors": "H. Baumgartner, MIT (with P. Heuer; built at Jefferson Lab)", "year": 2013, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "dee", "ion-source", "vacuum", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "Conference paper by two high-school students who designed and built a 2 MeV proton cyclotron at Jefferson Lab, later installed at Old Dominion University as an accelerator-physics teaching machine. Describes the 1.6 T H-frame electromagnet designed from donated 1060 steel scrap, and the dee/RF, vacuum, and ion-source design of the machine, with a survey of prior amateur cyclotrons (Neill, Koeth/Rutgers, Knox College, Houghton College).", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://proceedings.jacow.org/CYCLOTRONS2013/papers/we1pb05.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-037", "title": "The Iowa State University 1.5 MeV Undergraduate Cyclotron", "authors": "Daniel J. McGuire, Iowa State University (Proc. Iowa Academy of Science 68)", "year": 1961, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "vacuum", "ion-source", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "Description of the first operating small cyclotron built by an undergraduate group (begun 1954, first beam spring 1957) capable of useful nuclear reactions. Gives machine specifications, a short review of cyclotron action, and describes the auxiliary laboratory equipment; notes donated industrial materials and its ongoing use as an instructional device.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol68/iss1/65/", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-038", "title": "Undergraduate Education with the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron", "authors": "Timothy W. Koeth (University of Maryland / Rutgers)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "ion-source", "dee", "rf", "magnet", "beam-dynamics", "beam-measurement", "targets" ], "summary": "CAARI 2014 paper describing the Rutgers 12-inch student cyclotron: H-frame magnet with swappable weak-focusing and AVF pole tips (1.2 T max), single 5-inch-radius dee with 0.9-inch aperture, 2-30 MHz RF up to 1.5 kW giving ~10 kV dee voltage, and an internal cold-cathode PIG source. Recounts a decade-plus of student projects (field mapping, auto-tuner, deflection channel, internal targets, bunch-length measurement) and the beam-physics demonstrations the machine supports.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.05.083", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-039", "title": "Effective Scientific Equipment Procurement Strategies: Building on a Budget", "authors": "Fred Niell (Small Cyclotron Conference 2010)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "project-management", "vendor", "vacuum", "magnet", "rf", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Practical talk by Fred Niell (who built a 300 keV cyclotron for under $1000 as a 1994 science-fair project) on procuring accelerator hardware cheaply. Opens with a sobering new-price shopping list (~$80k for a small accelerator), then teaches a cost/performance/ function envelope method for surplus buying, with a ranked list of surplus vendors from \"sketchy\" to \"legitimate.\"", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-040", "title": "The 11B(p,a)8Be -> a+a and the 11B(a,a)11B Reactions at Energies Below 5.4 MeV", "authors": "M.C. Spraker, M.W. Ahmed, et al. (North Georgia / Duke-TUNL), J. Fusion Energy 31:357-367", "year": 2012, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "boron-11", "fusion", "detectors", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "Measures absolute cross sections and angular distributions for 11B(p,alpha)8Be from 0.15 to 3.8 MeV and 11B elastic alpha scattering from 2 to 5.4 MeV, using silicon detectors and thin boron targets. Cross sections are reported as total alphas detected to sidestep alpha-multiplicity ambiguity, with Legendre-polynomial fits of the angular distributions and phase-shift fits of the elastic data.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-011-9473-5", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-041", "title": "The Houghton College Cyclotron: a Tool for Educating Undergraduates", "authors": "M. Yuly, Houghton College (Proceedings of Cyclotrons2013, Vancouver)", "year": 2013, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "project-management", "magnet", "rf", "vacuum" ], "summary": "Peer-reviewed conference paper summarizing ten years of the Houghton College student cyclotron program: seven students built a working 1.2 T tabletop cyclotron theoretically capable of ~400 keV protons, embedded in a multiyear thesis curriculum. Includes a labeled machine photograph, construction/performance summary, and a short history of miniature educational cyclotrons (El Cerrito 1947, Iowa State 1954, Cyclotron Kids, etc.).", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://proceedings.jacow.org/CYCLOTRONS2013/papers/we1pb01.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-042", "title": "The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron for Students", "authors": "Timothy W. Koeth, Dan Hoffman, William Schneider, Tim Ponter, Stuart Hanebuth, James Krutzler (Small Cyclotron Conference 2010)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "chamber", "project-management", "beam-measurement", "rf", "safety" ], "summary": "Overview talk on the Rutgers 12-inch student cyclotron: who built it, timeline (bug caught 1995, first beam on the 9-inch prototype September 1999, ~$15,000 over 10 years), and how it was folded into the Modern Physics Lab course in 2001, training 12 students in machining, RF/HV electronics, high vacuum, and radiation-safety diplomacy. Covers the chamber and the 9-inch prototype's resonance-sweep first-beam technique.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-043", "title": "3.5 to 30 MHz Automatic Antenna Impedance Matching System", "authors": "William Blodgett (Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, EE senior project)", "year": 2012, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "rf", "matching", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Complete build documentation of an automatic HF impedance-matching (antenna tuner) system: L-network with stepper-motor-driven elements, homemade directional coupler, RF power/SWR sensors, ATmega32 controller, and power supply. Includes requirements, design, construction, calibration against a VNA, test results into dummy loads, full schematics, software listing, and bill of materials with costs.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/eesp/180/", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-044", "title": "Aalborg AFC 26/36/46 Mass Flow Controllers Operating Manual (TD9305M Rev N)", "authors": "Aalborg Instruments", "year": 2014, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "ion-source", "vacuum" ], "summary": "Full operating manual for Aalborg AFC-series thermal mass flow controllers: installation, electrical connections, principle of operation, specs, operation, maintenance/cleaning, calibration, and troubleshooting.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.aalborg.com/images/file_to_download/A_AFC%20Manual%20TD9305M%20Rev%20N.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-045", "title": "Deuterium Fusion Using Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC)", "authors": "Kovalchick (independent/student project report)", "year": 2012, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "vacuum", "chamber", "ion-source", "detectors", "safety", "fabrication", "fusion", "shielding" ], "summary": "A complete amateur build report for a working D-D fusor: deuterium gas handling from a lecture bottle, Edwards RV3 + Leybold Turbovac 50 vacuum system, 21 cm stainless chamber as grounded anode, homebuilt 30 kV / 20 mA negative supply from an X-ray transformer, tungsten inner grid on an alumina stalk, and neutron detection with a BF3 counter plus silver activation attempts. Includes operating procedures, results, and error analysis.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 5 }, { "id": "lib-046", "title": "Exhaust Filter for Harbor Freight Oil Vacuum Pump", "authors": "unknown (hobbyist write-up)", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "web-capture", "topics": [ "vacuum", "safety", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Hobbyist how-to for building a ~$45 oil-mist exhaust filter for a Harbor Freight rotary-vane vacuum pump from PVC fittings, a wound water filter cartridge, and Filtrete 1900 furnace filter fabric. Reports 18 months of service with complete mist capture and oil drain-back to the pump.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.aggieturner.com/exhaust%20filter%20for%20harbor%20freight%20oil%20vacuum%20pump.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-047", "title": "The Argonne 60-Inch Cyclotron (ANL-5907)", "authors": "W. J. Ramler and G. W. Parker, Argonne National Laboratory", "year": 1959, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "dee", "vacuum", "ion-source", "fabrication", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "System-by-system engineering description of ANL's constant-frequency 60-inch cyclotron (21 MeV / 200+ uA deflected deuterons, operating since 1952): cooling plant, vacuum system, magnet, RF/dee system, ion source, deflector, and building facilities, plus the acceptance specs and commissioning history. Classic AEC-era report writing where every subsystem gets real numbers.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4251932", "link_label": "OSTI" }, { "id": "lib-048", "title": "The Farnsworth/Hirsch Fusor: How a Small Vacuum System and a Bit of Basketweaving Will Get You a Working Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement Neutron Source", "authors": "Richard Hull (Tesla Coil Builders of Richmond), in The Bell Jar Vol.6 No.3/4", "year": 1997, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "vacuum", "ion-source", "safety", "fabrication", "detectors" ], "summary": "The classic amateur fusor build article from The Bell Jar. Covers history and operating principles, then gives complete construction guidance: grid winding, chamber layout, gas handling, a neon-sign-transformer HV supply schematic with metering, electron-emitter biasing for low-pressure deuterium ionization, and hard-won practical cautions. Claims a demonstrator for under $50 and a neutron-producing machine for ~$400 plus a high-vacuum system.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.belljar.net/634fusor.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-049", "title": "VAT Series 264/265 HV Angle/Inline Valve Installation, Operating & Maintenance Instructions", "authors": "VAT Vakuumventile AG", "year": 2013, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "vacuum", "seals" ], "summary": "Full installation, operating, and maintenance manual for VAT Series 264 (HV angle) and 265 (HV inline) pneumatically actuated normally-closed valves, DN 10-50 mm.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 5, "link": "https://www.vatgroup.com/uploads/downloads/file/264_HV_Angle_Valve_26420_KE11_Manual-287654EA_r.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-050", "title": "A Permanent Magnet Circuit Design Primer (ARL-TR-946)", "authors": "Herbert A. Leupold and Ernest Potenziani II, Army Research Laboratory", "year": 1996, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "magnet", "physics-theory", "fabrication", "materials" ], "summary": "A tutorial primer on designing permanent-magnet circuits using the permeance/load-line method: magnet materials (alnico, NdFeB) and their demagnetization curves, operating-point determination, flux and leakage estimation, gap field calculation, and worked numerical examples. Written as a self-contained introduction for engineers with no prior PM design experience. Scanned DTIC copy with usable OCR text.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA311457", "link_label": "archive" }, { "id": "lib-051", "title": "Building A 9.25\" OD Cyclotron (LinkedIn Pulse post)", "authors": "James Kwolik", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "web-capture", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "vacuum", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Web capture of an amateur builder's photo tour of his partially completed 9.25-inch cyclotron: 1080 lb magnet with commercially machined low-carbon-steel pole tips (chamfered for horizontal focusing, 1.2 T), an oil-cooled high-power RF matching network targeting 10-18 kV p-p on the dees, and a rotary-vane plus hot-oil diffusion pump stack with LN2 cryotrap claimed to reach 1e-9 torr. Machine was unfinished (needed a 3 kW RF supply) and in storage.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-052", "title": "Celerity Analog and Digital Mass Flow Controllers and Meters User's Manual", "authors": "Celerity, Inc. (Unit Instruments)", "year": 2005, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "ion-source", "vacuum" ], "summary": "User's manual for Celerity (Unit) analog and digital MFCs: model designations, features, installation, purging, electrical pinouts, power supplies, and the MultiFlo digital network interface.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://web.archive.org/web/20050131235520/http://celerity.net/support/technical_data/manuals/199-001-0006_F.pdf", "link_label": "archive" }, { "id": "lib-053", "title": "Central Pneumatic 3 CFM Two-Stage Vacuum Pump (Item 60805) Owner's Manual", "authors": "Harbor Freight Tools", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "vacuum" ], "summary": "Owner's manual for a Harbor Freight rotary-vane vacuum pump (3 CFM, rated ultimate vacuum ~22.5 micron / 3 Pa): setup, operation, oil maintenance, and parts diagram.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://manuals.harborfreight.com/manuals/60000-60999/60805-792363608053.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-054", "title": "Detection of Charged Particles with Silicon Detectors (laboratory exercise)", "authors": "unknown (university teaching lab handout)", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "detectors", "beam-measurement", "vacuum" ], "summary": "Teaching-lab procedure for alpha spectroscopy with surface-barrier/PIPS detectors: explains depletion region, electron-hole pair statistics, bias-vs-capacitance-vs-noise tradeoffs, then walks through vacuum chamber setup, bias adjustment, MCA pulse-height spectra, energy calibration, and resolution measurements with an alpha source.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-055", "title": "Experiments on the Transmutation of Elements by Protons", "authors": "M. L. E. Oliphant and Lord Rutherford, Cavendish Laboratory", "year": 1933, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "targets", "boron-11", "vacuum", "detectors", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Classic Cavendish paper describing a purpose-built discharge tube delivering ~100 microamp analysed proton beams at up to 250 kV, used to study disintegration of lithium and boron at proton energies as low as 20-200 keV. Details the discharge tube design, magnetic analysis of H+ vs H2+, thin-film targets, and range/energy measurements of the emitted alpha particles.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1933.0117", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-056", "title": "Fastenal Technical Reference Guide (Rev. 9)", "authors": "Fastenal Company Engineering Department", "year": 2005, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "handbook", "topics": [ "fasteners", "materials", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Comprehensive fastener engineering guide covering material selection, mechanical properties, galling, heat treatment, thread fundamentals and strength, platings and corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, joint design, and the torque-tension relationship with control methods (torque, turn, stretch, direct tension). Appendix includes torque tables and standards cross-references.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://web.archive.org/web/20060112054428/http://www.fastenal.com/content/documents/FastenalTechnicalReferenceGuide.pdf", "link_label": "archive" }, { "id": "lib-057", "title": "Fusor: An Easy to Construct Fusion Reactor Based on Inertial Electrostatic Confinement", "authors": "Richard Hull (amateur scientist, fusor.net)", "year": 2009, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "vacuum", "ion-source", "detectors", "safety", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Slide deck by Richard Hull, dean of the amateur fusor community, covering his path as an amateur scientist and the practicalities of building a demo/neutron-producing fusor: fuel choice (why D-D for amateurs vs D-T and D-3He), grid and chamber construction, operating modes, and amateur vs academic efforts. Strongly build-oriented in outlook, though a slide deck rather than a manual.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-058", "title": "Granville-Phillips Series 275 Mini-Convectron Module with Nonlinear Analog Outputs and Process Control Relays - Instruction Manual (275512 Rev D)", "authors": "MKS Instruments / Granville-Phillips", "year": 2016, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "vacuum" ], "summary": "Instruction manual for the GP 275 Mini-Convectron convection-Pirani gauge module with nonlinear analog output and setpoint relays, covering installation for all fitting types, operation, analog output curves, and troubleshooting.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.mks.com/f/275-mini-convectron-module", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-059", "title": "Handbook of Ion Sources", "authors": "Bernhard Wolf (ed.), GSI Darmstadt", "year": 1995, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "handbook", "topics": [ "ion-source", "rf", "vacuum", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "CRC engineering handbook cataloguing essentially every practical ion source family (Penning/PIG, duoplasmatron, RF, microwave/ECR, surface, sputter, vacuum arc, etc.) with operating parameters, extraction system design, beam formation and transport, and supporting technology (power supplies, insulation, diagnostics). Compiled as a working reference with comparative data tables rather than theory.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.routledge.com/Handbook-of-Ion-Sources/Wolf/p/book/9780367579708", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-060", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 4: POISSON — A Two-Dimensional Magnetostatic Solver", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Practical tutorial on the free LANL POISSON/SUPERFISH code family (Halbach/Holsinger): Automesh input files, POISSON/PANDIRA solvers, WFSPLOT graphics, and how to set up and interpret a 2D magnet cross-section field solution.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://uspas.fnal.gov/materials/05Cornell/tanabeLec4.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-061", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 8: Core Fabrication, Assembly, Installation and Alignment", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "fabrication", "materials" ], "summary": "Shop-floor practices for magnet cores: solid vs laminated core selection, lamination stamping/stacking and iron-property uniformity across a magnet family, core assembly tolerances, fiducialization, and designing-in the support and alignment scheme from the start.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://uspas.fnal.gov/materials/05Cornell/tanabeLec8.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-062", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 9: Coil Fabrication, Testing and Electrical Safety", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "coils", "magnet", "safety", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Coil design and fabrication practices from LBNL/US labs: hydraulic plumbing rules (hose length and material, in/out fitting sizes, interlock placement), electrical safety practices and code compliance, coil QA specifications, and performance/acceptance tests (hipot, water-flow, thermal).", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://uspas.fnal.gov/materials/05Cornell/tanabeLec9.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-063", "title": "LDG AT-200ProII 200 W Automatic Antenna Tuner - Operations Manual (Rev B)", "authors": "LDG Electronics", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "rf", "matching" ], "summary": "Operations manual for the LDG AT-200ProII 200 W automatic LC antenna tuner: installation, automatic/memory/manual tuning, manual inductor-capacitor adjustment, high/low-Z relay setting, and a theory-of-operation chapter on impedance matching.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.ldgelectronics.com/at-200-proii", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-064", "title": "LOCTITE Hysol 1C Epoxy Technical Data Sheet", "authors": "Henkel / Loctite", "year": 2007, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "materials", "seals", "vacuum", "fabrication" ], "summary": "TDS for Hysol 1C two-part epoxy: mix ratio 100:44 by weight (2.5:1 by volume), room-temperature cure with optional heat cure, machinable, high service temperature, and low outgassing.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://next.henkel-adhesives.com/us/en/products/industrial-adhesives/central-pdp.html/loctite-ea-1c/BP000000153177.html", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-065", "title": "MICOD CSA-250 Charge Sensitive Amplifier", "authors": "MICOD, Ltd.", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "detectors", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "Datasheet for the CSA-250 charge-sensitive preamplifier, the first-stage amplifier for silicon/scintillator-photodiode radiation detectors. Covers ratings, specifications, wiring, and output pulse characteristics.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://micod.ru/datasheet/CSA-250_EN.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-066", "title": "MICOD SA-25 (MS-25) Shaper Amplifier", "authors": "MICOD, Ltd.", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "detectors", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "Datasheet for the SA-25 shaping amplifier that takes the CSA-250 preamp output and produces quasi-Gaussian pulses for a counter or spectroscopy ADC. Specs, ratings, and connection information.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://micod.ru/datasheet/SA-25_EN.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-067", "title": "MKS/HPS 901P Loadlock Vacuum Pressure Transducer - Operation and Installation Manual (Rev C)", "authors": "MKS Instruments (HPS Products)", "year": 2009, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "vacuum", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "Operation and installation manual for the MKS 901P combined MicroPirani/piezo loadlock vacuum transducer, covering mechanical and electrical installation, the RS-232/485 serial protocol, setpoint relays, and calibration.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.mks.com/f/901p-micro-pirani-vacuum-transducer", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-068", "title": "Parker Series 20 & 30 Metering Valves", "authors": "Parker Hannifin", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "ion-source", "vacuum", "materials" ], "summary": "Two-page datasheet for Parker Series 20/30 fine metering (needle) valves: brass or 316 SS, 1000 psig max, vernier knob option, with flow-coefficient vs turns-open curves and air/water flow data.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-069", "title": "Phase Space Characterization of an Internal Ion Source For Cyclotrons", "authors": "Edward Russell Forringer (Michigan State University, PhD dissertation, advisor Henry Blosser)", "year": 2004, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "ion-source", "beam-measurement", "beam-dynamics", "cyclotron-general", "fabrication" ], "summary": "MSU dissertation presenting the first published emittance and luminosity measurements of a cold-cathode PIG internal cyclotron ion source, using a purpose-built Ion Source Test Stand with DC extraction. Studies slit vs hole chimney apertures, shows aperture geometry dominates extracted-beam character, and develops 'plasma boundary' and 'plasma temperature' (~35,000 K, 4.5 eV) initial-condition recipes for orbit-tracking codes like Z3CYCLONE.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/32670", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-070", "title": "Qualiflow AFC 202D Mass Flow Controller User's Manual (D-10-018 V04)", "authors": "Qualiflow", "year": 2002, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "ion-source", "vacuum" ], "summary": "User's manual for the Qualiflow AFC 202D digital mass flow controller, covering installation, analog/digital interfacing, operation, and maintenance.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-071", "title": "Radio Frequency Performance of Electroplated Finishes", "authors": "A.M. Fowler (Australian Post Office Research Laboratories), Proc. I.R.E.E. Australia, May 1970", "year": 1970, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "rf", "materials", "fabrication", "dee" ], "summary": "Classic measurement-driven paper showing that silver-plating a copper RF conductor usually INCREASES loss: electroplated metal conductivity is well below wrought metal, bi-metallic skin-effect current distribution penalizes half-conductivity coatings, and thick protective layers make it worse. Recommends plating high-conductivity copper first, then only a very thin low-conductivity tarnish-protection layer, with families of design curves for composite conductors.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-072", "title": "The Elusive Q of Single-Layer Air-Core Coils", "authors": "George Murphy, VE3ERP (CQ Magazine, May 1999)", "year": 1999, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "coils", "rf", "matching", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Practical treatment of true coil Q for single-layer air-core inductors based on Callender's equation from Medhurst's data: Q-vs-frequency chart families for coil diameters and L/d ratios, explicit rules of coil Q, and closed-form design equations (inductance, turns, wire spacing) for hitting a specified Q, as implemented in HAMCALC.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-073", "title": "The Oak Ridge Relativistic Isochronous Cyclotron (ORNL-2648)", "authors": "Compiled and edited by R. S. Livingston and F. T. Howard, ORNL (contributors incl. B. L. Cohen, H. G. Blosser, M. M. Gordon, T. A. Welton)", "year": 1958, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "rf", "beam-dynamics", "fabrication" ], "summary": "The ORIC proposal/design report, summarizing ORNL's development work toward a variable-energy sector-focused isochronous cyclotron. Sections by the founding names of AVF cyclotron design (Blosser, Cohen, Gordon, Welton) cover magnetic field design with model-magnet measurement runs, radial stability, beam deflection/extraction, the RF system, and supporting engineering studies.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4275955", "link_label": "OSTI" }, { "id": "lib-074", "title": "Tips for Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Investigators (Supplement to 'The World's Simplest Fusion Reactor')", "authors": "Tom Ligon", "year": 1998, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "safety", "vacuum", "ion-source", "detectors", "fusion", "materials" ], "summary": "Practical supplement to Ligon's Analog article: a working-lab checklist for amateur fusor builders. Covers lethal-HV safety practice, vacuum equipment and pressurized flammable gas (deuterium) handling, fast-neutron hazards and the need for health-physics supervision, neutron detection/quantification, and shop-practice advice, framed as get-an-advisor mentoring.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-075", "title": "Torque Values for Stainless Steel and Non-Ferrous Fasteners", "authors": "Fastenal Company", "year": 2009, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "fasteners", "materials" ], "summary": "One-page lab-tested maximum torque table for 18-8 and 316 stainless (dry and lubricated), silicon bronze, Monel, brass, and 2024-T4 aluminum fasteners, from #2-56 through 1-1/2 in., in inch-pounds and foot-pounds.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://crafter.fastenal.com/static-assets/pdfs/Torque_of_Stainless_Steel,Non_ferrous_Torque.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-076", "title": "VAT Series 265 HV Inline Valve DN 16 (26524-KA21-0001) Product Data Sheet", "authors": "VAT Vakuumventile AG", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "vacuum", "seals" ], "summary": "Data sheet for the specific VAT valve owned: Series 265 HV inline valve, ISO-KF 16 flanges, pneumatic single-acting actuator with closing spring and open/closed position indicators, bellows feedthrough.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://www.vatgroup.com/series/high-vacuum-inline-valve/26524-KA21", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-077", "title": "Conventional Magnets for Accelerators (CAS lecture)", "authors": "Neil Marks, DLS/CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory", "year": 2004, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "fabrication" ], "summary": "CERN Accelerator School (Baden bei Wien 2004) lecture on DC conventional magnets: cylindrical harmonic solutions, ideal pole shapes for dipole/quad/sextupole, symmetry constraints on field harmonics, ampere-turn calculations, C/H/window-frame yoke geometries, coil capital-vs-running cost optimization, and pole-profile/end design with OPERA/TOSCA field computation.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://cas.web.cern.ch/sites/default/files/lectures/baden-2004/marks-3.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-078", "title": "Cyclotron Magnets (ECPM37 lecture, Groningen)", "authors": "William Beeckman", "year": 2009, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "cyclotron-general", "beam-dynamics", "materials", "fabrication" ], "summary": "87-slide lecture from the 2009 European Cyclotron Progress Meeting covering cyclotron magnet design end to end: orbit theory and isochronism, edge/spiral/AG focusing, betatron oscillations and resonances, then intensely practical material on field shaping (\"the field shaping zoo\"): steel shimming, lateral pole-edge milling, movable iron inserts/flaps, steel grades, and a worked C235 magnet design example using 2D/3D field codes.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-079", "title": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) Fusion: Fundamentals and Applications", "authors": "George H. Miley and S. Krupakar Murali (Springer)", "year": 2014, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "ion-source", "vacuum", "detectors", "materials", "fabrication", "physics-theory", "shielding" ], "summary": "The standard reference book on IEC fusion, spanning history (Farnsworth, Hirsch), potential-well theory, gas discharges in gridded devices, and - notably for builders - dedicated chapters on high-voltage stalk design, grid materials and construction, grid geometry effects, space-charge limited flow, cylindrical geometries, and applications (neutron activation analysis, medical isotopes, propulsion). Explicitly written to support university and amateur fusor experiments.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9338-9", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-080", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 10: Loose Ends — Forces, Stored Energy, Fringe Fields, End Chamfering", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "fabrication", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Wrap-up lecture covering magnetic forces on conductors and pole faces, magnet stored energy and inductance, two- and three-dimensional fringe-field behavior, and end-chamfering techniques to reduce allowed multipole errors from magnet ends (eddy currents explicitly excluded).", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-081", "title": "Kimball Physics ES-020 Tungsten Hairpin Filament - Specifications", "authors": "Kimball Physics", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "ion-source", "materials" ], "summary": "One-page datasheet for the Kimball Physics ES-020 tungsten (W-3%Re) hairpin thermionic filament on an AEI glass base, with full emission and operating specifications.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-082", "title": "Magnet System for PET Cyclotron Based on Permanent Magnets", "authors": "E. Antokhin (BINP) with T. Fujisawa, M. Kumada et al. (NIRS)", "year": 2006, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "magnet", "cyclotron-general", "beam-dynamics", "rf" ], "summary": "RuPAC 2006 paper describing the design, fabrication, and field measurement of a permanent-magnet main magnet for a 10 MeV PET proton cyclotron: 4-sector hill/valley geometry (2.3 T hill / 0.5 T valley, 1.4 T average), 20 mm hill gap, PM material volume sizing, plus beam-trajectory analysis in the measured field and RF system design.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://proceedings.jacow.org/r06/PAPERS/MOLP09.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-083", "title": "Magnet System for PET Cyclotron Based on Permanent Magnets", "authors": "E. Antokhin (BINP), T. Fujisawa, M. Kumada et al. (NIRS)", "year": 2004, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "magnet", "cyclotron-general", "rf", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "Conference paper on a designed, manufactured, and measured permanent-magnet field system for a 10 MeV PET proton cyclotron, aimed at eliminating coil power. Gives the chosen field parameters, 4-sector hill/valley geometry, beam trajectory analysis in the measured field, and RF system design notes.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-084", "title": "Modifications on the Houghton College Cyclotron", "authors": "Mark Yuly, Daniel Haas, Andrew Loucks, et al., Houghton College (Small Cyclotron Conference 2010)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "vacuum", "rf", "chamber", "dee", "ion-source" ], "summary": "Conference slides on the Houghton cyclotron's post-spark rebuild and upgrades: annotated chamber layout (dee, dummy dee, filament, pickup probe, feedthroughs, ceramic spacer), full vacuum-system schematic (diffusion pump, cold trap, RGA, leak valve, gauges), and the RF chain (HP 33120A function generator, ENI 155LCRH power amp, LDG AT-200PC autotuner) with tuned-circuit resonance formula.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-085", "title": "Principles of Charged Particle Acceleration", "authors": "Stanley Humphries, Jr. (University of New Mexico)", "year": 1986, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "beam-dynamics", "magnet", "rf", "accelerator-other", "cyclotron-general", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Humphries' comprehensive single-particle accelerator text (Wiley 1986, free author PDF), written from an experimentalist's building-block viewpoint. Covers charged-particle dynamics, field modification by materials and magnetic circuits, electric and magnetic lenses (aperture, immersion, solenoid, sector, edge focusing, quadrupole), transfer matrices, and the full menagerie of machines including betatrons, cyclotrons, and RF accelerators, with complete derivations and essential formulas.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://www.fieldp.com/cpa.html", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-086", "title": "Probing and Modeling Voltage Breakdown in Vacuum", "authors": "Gregory Richard Werner, Cornell University (Ph.D. dissertation)", "year": 2004, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "vacuum", "rf", "dee", "materials", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Cornell dissertation (public domain) on vacuum voltage breakdown: DC-gap and RF-cavity experiments plus particle-in-cell simulation of breakdown initiation. SEM/EDX/Auger surface analysis shows breakdown usually starts at foreign particulate contamination on the cathode, leaving craters and starburst patterns; derives a criterion that breakdown occurs when the product of local gas density and field-emission current exceeds a critical value.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://ecommons.cornell.edu/items/709ca67c-90ee-43a2-9a03-4eb1d2282f57", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-087", "title": "Semiconductor Detectors Part 2 (SLUO Lectures on Detector Techniques, Lecture 7)", "authors": "Helmuth Spieler (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)", "year": 1998, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "detectors", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Second half of Spieler's classic SLAC lecture series on silicon detectors, focused on signal acquisition: detector current pulse shapes and durations, charge-sensitive preamplifier principles, input capacitance and noise matching, and a substantial section on radiation damage (displacement damage, NIEL scaling, leakage-current growth in irradiated silicon).", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://www-physics.lbl.gov/~spieler/SLAC_Lectures/PDF/Sem-Det-II.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-088", "title": "Siglent SDS1000X-E Series (SDS1104X-E) Digital Oscilloscope - User Manual", "authors": "Siglent Technologies", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "rf", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "User manual for the Siglent SDS1000X-E series digital oscilloscopes (e.g. the 4-channel 100 MHz SDS1104X-E): acquisition, triggering, math/FFT, measurements, decoding, and remote control setup.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://siglentna.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/08/SDS1000X-ESDS1000X-U_UserManual_EN05B.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-089", "title": "The Cyclotron Magnet and RF Oscillator", "authors": "Carolyn Chun (Modern Physics Lab, Prof. Gershenson; Rutgers-style student report)", "year": 2003, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "magnet", "rf", "beam-dynamics", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Short student report on shaping cyclotron pole faces to obtain a radially decreasing field for weak vertical focusing, comparing three analytic models (parallel-plate \"magnetic capacitor\", point-source/monopole, and dipole) and deriving pole-piece geometry (radius of curvature, slice angle, \"lump model\" with flat screw-mounting edge) for a 3 percent field droop on a 6-inch-radius pole. Includes field-index n values for each model and mentions a companion RF oscillator topic.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-090", "title": "Unit 10, Lecture 14: Cyclotron Basics (MIT 8.277 Intro to Particle Accelerators)", "authors": "Timothy A. Antaya (MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "MIT course lecture slides introducing cyclotrons and synchrocyclotrons by Antaya (designer of high-field superconducting cyclotrons). Builds from motion in a magnetic field through the key characteristics, performance limits, and applications of each cyclotron type, ending at a practical design exercise for a prototype high-field cyclotron.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://uspas.fnal.gov/materials/09UNM/Unit_10_Lecture_14_Cyclotron_basics.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-091", "title": "Edwards SI100 Diffusion Pump - Specification Summary (Island Scientific)", "authors": "Island Scientific Ltd / Edwards", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "vacuum", "vendor" ], "summary": "One-page reseller specification summary for the Edwards SI100 air-cooled vapour diffusion pump: 100 l/s, ISO100 inlet, KF16 backing, 20 ml Santovac 5 fluid charge.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 2, "link": "http://www.island-scientific.co.uk/gema/Content/S634572229743483055/Edwards%20SI100.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-092", "title": "IUAC's 60 kV Tabletop Ion Accelerator", "authors": "Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "accelerator-other", "ion-source", "vacuum", "beam-measurement", "magnet" ], "summary": "Two-page announcement of IUAC's in-house 60 kV educational tabletop ion accelerator for university teaching: cold-plasma PIG ion source (300 microamp), 60 kV column, analyzing magnet (R = 250 mm, 1100-2600 G), electrostatic quadrupole triplet, beam scanner, running proton, alpha, and molecular hydrogen beams in a 3 x 3 m room on 1 kVA of power.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 2, "link": "https://www.iuac.res.in/themes/iuac/images/pdf/tta60.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-093", "title": "Low-Energy Cross Sections for 11B(p, 3alpha)", "authors": "H. W. Becker, C. Rolfs, H. P. Trautvetter (Univ. Muenster), Z. Phys. A 327, 341-355", "year": 1987, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "boron-11", "fusion", "targets", "physics-theory", "detectors" ], "summary": "The standard experimental measurement of the p + 11B -> 3 alpha reaction from 22 to 1100 keV center-of-mass energy, using proton beams on solid 11B targets and inverse kinematics with a hydrogen gas jet. Reports absolute cross sections, alpha angular distributions, the sequential decay mechanism via 8Be, and the astrophysical S-factor fit with S(0) = 197 +/- 12 MeV b.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 2, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01284459", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-094", "title": "MRF1K50H: 1500 W CW, 1.8-500 MHz, 50 V RF Power LDMOS Transistor Data Sheet", "authors": "NXP Semiconductors", "year": 2017, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "rf", "matching", "vendor", "materials" ], "summary": "Datasheet for NXP's high-ruggedness 1500 W CW LDMOS transistor for 1.8-500 MHz ISM, broadcast, and scientific service at VDD = 50 V; typical 27 MHz CW performance is 1550 W at 25.9 dB gain and 78.3% drain efficiency. Includes absolute maximums, thermal data, impedance tables, reference-circuit schematics and performance curves, all relevant to unmatched wideband use into high VSWR loads.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 2, "link": "https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/MRF1K50H.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-095", "title": "Nuclear Fusion of Protons with Boron (BNL-47989)", "authors": "Alessandro G. Ruggiero, Brookhaven National Laboratory", "year": 1992, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "boron-11", "fusion", "targets", "accelerator-other", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "Conference paper analyzing accelerator-driven p-B11 fusion for power production. Works through a 675 keV proton beam on a fixed boron target (0.9 barn resonance, 8.7 MeV released as three alphas, direct electrostatic energy conversion) and shows quantitatively why the fixed-target scheme fails - ionization energy loss in the target overwhelms fusion yield - then develops a colliding-beam alternative and its accelerator requirements.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 2, "link": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6911764", "link_label": "OSTI" }, { "id": "lib-096", "title": "Understanding the 11B(p,alpha)alpha-alpha reaction at the 0.675 MeV resonance", "authors": "S. Stave, M.W. Ahmed, R.H. France III, et al. (Duke/TUNL), Physics Letters B 696:26-29", "year": 2011, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "boron-11", "fusion", "detectors", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Revisits the reaction mechanism of 11B(p,alpha)alpha-alpha at the 675 keV resonance, showing the 1987 two-step model (one high-energy primary alpha plus two soft secondaries) is wrong. Coincidence data and simulations show the primary alpha has l=3 and the decay yields TWO nearly-equal high-energy alpha particles plus one low-energy alpha, as originally proposed in 1936. Notes implications for astrophysics and fusion energy.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 2, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2010.12.015", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-097", "title": "Nuclear Physics Constants for Thermonuclear Fusion: A Reference Handbook (INDC(CCP)-326/L+F)", "authors": "S.N. Abramovich, B.Ya. Guzhovskij, V.A. Zherebtsov, A.G. Zvenigorodskij (USSR, IAEA translation)", "year": 1991, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "handbook", "topics": [ "fusion", "boron-11", "physics-theory", "targets" ], "summary": "Soviet evaluated-data handbook (1989, IAEA English translation 1991) of reaction and scattering cross sections for hydrogen and helium isotopes on nuclei with Z<=5, covering all the major fusion fuel cycles including 11B+p. Data are given as fitted polynomial coefficients for reliable interpolation, plus astrophysical S-factors and reaction Q-values for exo- and endo-energetic channels.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 1, "link": "https://www-nds.iaea.org/records/rg6f6-96x88", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-098", "title": "Copper Tube Handbook: Industry Standard Guide for the Design and Installation of Copper Piping Systems", "authors": "Copper Development Association", "year": 2010, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "handbook", "topics": [ "fabrication", "materials", "seals" ], "summary": "Trade handbook on copper tube types (K/L/M/ACR/DWV), dimensional and pressure rating tables, and joining methods: soldering, brazing, flare and mechanical joints, with detailed procedures, fitting data, bending, and support practice. Application chapters cover plumbing, medical gas, and solar, but the enduring value is the joining technique and tube property data.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 5 }, { "id": "lib-099", "title": "Astatic Model PDC-2 SWR Power Meter - 3-Function Test Instrument", "authors": "Astatic", "year": null, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "rf", "matching", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "Two-page instruction sheet for a compact 52-ohm SWR / relative RF power / field-strength meter (0-10 W and 0-100 W scales, usable below 148 MHz), with step-by-step SWR and power measurement procedures.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-100", "title": "Improvements to Siemens Eclipse PET Cyclotron Penning Ion Source", "authors": "D. Potkins, M. Dehnel, S. Melanson, T. Stewart, P. Jackle (D-Pace Inc.); J. Hinderer, N. Jones, L. Williams (Siemens)", "year": 2017, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "materials", "fabrication", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Industrial optimization campaign (80+ experiments) on the cold-cathode PIG H- source of the Siemens Eclipse 11 MeV PET cyclotron, aiming to raise target current from 120 to 150 uA and rebuild interval from 120 to 300 hours. Documents the source anatomy (tantalum cathodes, Elkonite hourglass anode, 4 mm plasma column in a 0.7 T field, -17 kV bias) and tests of cathode/anode/puller geometry, materials, gas flow, and cesium addition (+20% current).", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-101", "title": "Magnetic Measurements on the LASL Prototype Magnet", "authors": "W. Dunwoody, J. Spencer, N. Tanaka et al., Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory", "year": 1971, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "beam-measurement", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Reports design and field mapping of a small prototype dipole for the LAMPF HRS and EPICS spectrometers. Instead of pole-face shims, corrective current elements (Ht-windings) embedded in the pole pieces dynamically trim field inhomogeneity, improving median-plane uniformity from a few parts in 1e3 to a few parts in 1e5 over 4-17 kG.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 4 }, { "id": "lib-102", "title": "AirTAC 4V200 Series Solenoid Valve (5/2, 5/3 way)", "authors": "AirTAC", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "vacuum", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Datasheet for AirTAC 4V200-series pilot-operated pneumatic solenoid valves (5-port 2/3-position, 0.15-0.8 MPa air): specs, coil data, ordering code, internal structure, and dimensions.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-103", "title": "Boron Fiber Neutron Shielding Properties", "authors": "J.W. Hanafin, W. Grant (Specialty Materials Inc.), L. Bobek, T. Regan (UMass Lowell Radiation Laboratory)", "year": 2011, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "shielding", "materials", "safety" ], "summary": "Vendor/university test report comparing thermal-neutron shielding effectiveness of boron fiber, boron nanopowder, and 99%-enriched 10B4C dispersed in epoxy composites, measured at the UMass Lowell reactor in various layups and thicknesses. Gives isotope background (10B 3800 barn enriched vs 760 barn natural at 2200 m/s) and attenuation results per configuration.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-104", "title": "Design and Performance of a Compact H- Cyclotron (CP-42)", "authors": "G. O. Hendry, T. Y. T. Kuo, F. Ramsey, et al., The Cyclotron Corporation, Berkeley", "year": 1981, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "ion-source", "rf", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "9th International Cyclotron Conference (Caen 1981) paper on the CP-42, a commercial 11-42 MeV negative-hydrogen-ion cyclotron with internal PIG-type ion source producing 200+ uA external proton beam via stripping extraction, aimed at medical isotope and fast-neutron production. Gives a machine parameter table and system-by-system description including the computer control system.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-105", "title": "Design of an Actively Cooled Grid System to Improve Efficiency in Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactors", "authors": "Andrew Seltzman (Georgia Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics)", "year": 2008, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fabrication", "materials", "vacuum", "shielding", "fusion" ], "summary": "Undergraduate physics thesis on a liquid-cooled cathode grid for an IEC fusor, motivated by suppressing thermionic electron emission (which wastes power and generates bremsstrahlung X-rays). Covers reactor design chapter with real fabrication of a water-cooled grid, plus use of coolant calorimetry as a grid-power diagnostic.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-106", "title": "Hitachi Metals SAM SFC1480G/SFC2480G Series Mass Flow Controllers", "authors": "Hitachi Metals, Ltd.", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "catalog", "topics": [ "ion-source", "vacuum", "vendor" ], "summary": "Product pamphlet for Hitachi Metals SAM-brand G-series digital MFCs with Ni-Co alloy diaphragm valves: feature overview, model lineup, and specifications, but not a full operating manual.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-107", "title": "Improving Particle Confinement in Inertial Electrostatic Fusion for Spacecraft Power and Propulsion", "authors": "Carl C. Dietrich (MIT, PhD thesis, advisor R.J. Sedwick)", "year": 2007, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "ion-source", "vacuum", "beam-measurement", "detectors", "fabrication" ], "summary": "MIT PhD thesis on multi-grid IEC devices for spacecraft power, combining OOPIC simulation with a real UHV experiment. Includes substantial experimental engineering chapters: vacuum chamber retrofitting, spherical grid fabrication, a custom ion gun, ion detectors, and a candid comparison of beam/confinement diagnostics (grid-current measurement, beam dump, capacitive charge detection, laser-induced fluorescence) with error sources such as Earth's field and secondary electron emission.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-108", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 5: Perturbations", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "fabrication", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Halbach first-order perturbation theory applied to iron-dominated magnets: how mechanical fabrication/assembly errors and pole excitation errors (shorted turns, unequal poles) map to error multipoles, with tables and expressions for translating allowed multipole errors into fabrication and assembly tolerances.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-109", "title": "Siglent Digital Oscilloscopes - Remote Control (SCPI Programming) Manual", "authors": "Siglent Technologies", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "rf", "project-management" ], "summary": "SCPI remote-control programming manual for Siglent digital oscilloscopes: NI-VISA setup, complete command/query reference, and programming examples in VC++, VB, MATLAB, and LabVIEW.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-110", "title": "Siglent SDG1000X Series Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator - User Manual", "authors": "Siglent Technologies", "year": 2017, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "rf" ], "summary": "Full user manual for the SDG1000X arbitrary waveform generator covering front-panel operation, waveform setup, modulation/sweep/burst modes, arbitrary waveform editing, frequency counter, and remote interfaces.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-111", "title": "The Physics and Technology of Ion Sources, Second Edition", "authors": "Ian G. Brown (ed.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "year": 2004, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "ion-source", "physics-theory", "rf", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "Multi-author survey of the ion source field, one chapter per source type, opening with plasma physics and beam extraction fundamentals. The editor stresses that ion source work is empirical - build first, understand later - and the chapters lean experimental, but at facility/research level rather than construction level. Complements the Wolf handbook with more explanation and less tabulated data.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-112", "title": "The Right Seal: Your Guide to Sealing in Semiconductor Processing (Release 3.0)", "authors": "Greene, Tweed & Co.", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "handbook", "topics": [ "seals", "vacuum", "materials", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Greene Tweed handbook on elastomer sealing for semiconductor process equipment: compound selection for plasma, CVD, and wet chemistry environments, perfluoroelastomer behavior, FEA of seal deformation, and complete gland dimension tables for rod, piston, and face seals in Chapter 5. Oriented to high-purity vacuum/plasma chambers, which overlap strongly with accelerator chamber conditions.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-113", "title": "The World's Simplest Fusion Reactor, And How to Make It Work", "authors": "Tom Ligon (Analog Science Fiction and Fact, Dec. 1998; 2007 revision)", "year": 1998, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "vacuum", "safety", "ion-source" ], "summary": "Ligon's famous popular-science article (written while working in Bussard's lab) that launched the amateur fusor movement. Explains fusion basics, the failings of tokamak-scale approaches, IEC/IXL/EXL concepts, and how a demonstration fusor operating at 10-15 kV can be built at high-school level. Broad-audience exposition with practical framing rather than a step-by-step plan (that role is filled by the companion FUSORTIP document).", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-114", "title": "AN1955: Thermal Measurement Methodology of RF Power Amplifiers", "authors": "Mali Mahalingam, Edward Mares (Freescale Semiconductor)", "year": 2014, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "app-note", "topics": [ "rf", "materials", "vendor" ], "summary": "Freescale application note explaining how die junction temperature (TJ) and case temperature (TC) are measured on high-power RF transistors - IR microscopy on the exposed die for hot-spot TJ, thermocouple technique for TC - and how thermal resistance theta-JC is calculated from them for reliability derating.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-115", "title": "Breaking the Relativity Barrier: CURVE Electrodes", "authors": "Heidi T. Baumgartner (Small Cyclotron Conference 2010)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "dee", "beam-dynamics", "physics-theory", "rf" ], "summary": "Short concept talk proposing CURVE (\"Curvaceously Undermining RelatiVistic Effects\") electrodes: instead of frequency modulation or field shaping, the dee gap is geometrically reshaped turn-by-turn so the accelerating gap meets the phase-slipped particle, compensating relativistic phase slippage at constant drive frequency. Includes the gap-profile derivation method (plot particle coordinates at fundamental-period timesteps, offset D per turn).", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-116", "title": "Fabrication and Installation of a Table Top Accelerator (TTA) at Manipal", "authors": "P. K. Rath, P. Dittakavi, M. Gupta, G. Muenzenberg, Y. K. Gambhir (Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences / GSI)", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "accelerator-other", "ion-source", "vacuum", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Two-page DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics 2018 note describing an indigenously built 50 kV tabletop ion accelerator for student training at Manipal, based on IUAC drawings, with a cold plasma PIG ion source, in-house CAD (AutoCAD/ANSYS) design, ion optics, beam transport, and vacuum system.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-117", "title": "Future Trends in Cyclotrons (CERN Accelerator School, Accelerators for Medical Applications)", "authors": "Timothy A. Antaya, Antaya Science and Technology (ex-MIT)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "Survey talk on the state of the cyclotron art circa 2015: the three cyclotron flavors (Lawrence, synchro, isochronous), how each scales with energy and magnetic field, and the case for compact high-field superconducting cyclotrons for medical use. More strategic overview than engineering detail, but written by the leading compact-cyclotron designer.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-118", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 1: Introduction and Scope", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell (SLAC)", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Opening lecture of Tanabe's USPAS course (companion to his book Iron Dominated Electromagnets): motivation from light-source synchrotrons, scope limited to conventional room-temperature iron magnets, magnet types (dipole/quad/sextupole), units, and course roadmap through design, fabrication, and measurement.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-119", "title": "Magnet Design (USPAS lecture slides)", "authors": "Y. Papaphilippou and N. Catalan Lasheras, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "materials", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "USPAS 2005 survey lecture on accelerator magnet design: bending-field rigidity relation, magnetic materials and saturation, scalar/vector potential and multipole fields, ideal pole shapes, ampere-turn calculations, and cos-phi superconducting coil distributions. Breadth-first overview mixing practical iron-magnet basics with SC magnet theory.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-120", "title": "Pure Gases: Hydrogen - Gas Data and Cylinder Specifications", "authors": "industrial gas supplier catalog (unattributed)", "year": null, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "ion-source", "safety", "vendor" ], "summary": "Catalog data sheet for pure hydrogen: physical gas data, flammability limits, DOT/TC shipping classifications, cylinder sizes/pressures with CGA valve outlet numbers, and purity grades.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-121", "title": "Siglent SDG1000X Series Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator - Datasheet", "authors": "Siglent Technologies", "year": 2016, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "rf" ], "summary": "Datasheet for the Siglent SDG1000X dual-channel 30/60 MHz function/arbitrary waveform generators (150 MSa/s, 14-bit), with full electrical specification tables.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-122", "title": "The Houghton College Cyclotron: a Tool for Educating Undergraduates (talk slides)", "authors": "Mark Yuly, Houghton College (Cyclotrons 2013 conference talk)", "year": 2013, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "project-management" ], "summary": "Slide deck accompanying the Cyclotrons2013 paper. Focuses on the pedagogy: how the physics major sequence at Houghton wraps the cyclotron build into multi-year student research projects, with photos of the machine and student subsystem work. Less technical detail than the paper or the theses.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-123", "title": "US Patent 7,466,085 - Cyclotron Having Permanent Magnets", "authors": "Ronald Nutt (Advanced Biomarker Technologies, LLC, Knoxville TN)", "year": 2008, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "patent", "topics": [ "magnet", "dee", "cyclotron-general", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Patent for a compact radioisotope-production cyclotron (PET biomarkers) that eliminates the conventional electromagnet coil: a plurality of dees and permanent magnets are alternately disposed in a circular arrangement, i.e. a separated-sector permanent-magnet cyclotron. Includes claims and five sheets of drawings showing the alternating dee/magnet geometry.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-124", "title": "An Introduction to Cyclotrons", "authors": "Yves Jongen (IBA), PTCOG 47 Education Session", "year": 2008, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "beam-dynamics", "rf" ], "summary": "Tutorial slide deck by IBA founder Yves Jongen introducing cyclotron physics for the proton-therapy community. Covers the resonance principle, field index and axial focusing, betatron tunes, the energy limit of classical cyclotrons, synchrocyclotrons, and isochronous/AVF machines, with IBA commercial machine examples.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-125", "title": "Cyclotrons and Fixed-Field Alternating-Gradient Accelerators", "authors": "M.K. Craddock (UBC/TRIUMF), K.R. Symon (University of Wisconsin-Madison)", "year": 2008, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "accelerator-other", "beam-dynamics", "magnet", "rf", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Authoritative review (for Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology) of all fixed-field accelerators: classical cyclotrons, synchrocyclotrons, isochronous/AVF machines, and FFAGs, from Lawrence's 1929 concept through modern proton FFAGs. Covers the relativistic energy limit, the two escape routes (frequency modulation vs azimuthally varying fields), and intensity capabilities, with full orbit-dynamics formalism.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-126", "title": "Fundamentals of Ion Sources - Introduction (USPAS course, Monday AM lectures)", "authors": "Daniela Leitner (LBNL/MSU), Damon Todd (LBNL), Daniel Winklehner (MIT)", "year": 2016, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "ion-source", "physics-theory", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Opening lecture slides from the US Particle Accelerator School course on ion sources and low-energy beam transport. Surveys the whole family of ion sources (Bayard-Alpert, electron bombardment, hollow cathode, multicusp, cold- and hot-cathode PIG, ECR) and lays out course topics including plasma physics, extraction, diagnostics, and LEBT. Good taxonomy and orientation material rather than construction detail.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-127", "title": "Improvement of Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device by Magnetron-Discharge-Based Built-In Ion Sources", "authors": "T. Takamatsu, S. Ogawa, K. Masuda, H. Toku, K. Yoshikawa (Kyoto University), SOFE 2005 abstract", "year": 2005, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "ion-source", "magnet", "fusion" ], "summary": "One-page SOFE05 abstract on a magnetron-discharge built-in ion source for an IEC device: a grounded 35 mm nozzle anode, 20 mm coaxial cathode, and internal water-cooled NdFe permanent magnet, enabling discharge below 0.5 Pa and more than doubling current-normalized neutron yield in beam-injection mode.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-128", "title": "Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion (3rd ed.)", "authors": "Francis F. Chen", "year": 2016, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "physics-theory", "fusion", "ion-source" ], "summary": "Chen's classic plasma physics textbook in its 2016 third edition: single-particle motion, plasmas as fluids, waves, diffusion, equilibrium and stability, kinetic theory, nonlinear effects, and chapters connecting to controlled fusion and modern plasma applications.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-129", "title": "Physics in Action: Electromagnetism and Circular Motion in a Cyclotron (Teacher Version)", "authors": "Philip Freeman and Marcello Pavan (TRIUMF outreach)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "other", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "ion-source", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "High-school lesson workbook (teacher edition with answers) built around the TRIUMF cyclotron: worksheets on the H- ion and its ionization energy, initial acceleration and injection, electrostatic focusing, and circular motion in the machine. Pure pedagogy - no construction content.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-130", "title": "The Obsession Started in 1929 (My Obsession Started in 1995)", "authors": "Timothy W. Koeth, University of Maryland / Rutgers University (Small Cyclotron Conference 2010)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "accelerator-other", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Koeth's keynote history talk at the inaugural Small Cyclotron Conference tracing acceleration from Rutherford's 1927 challenge through Cockcroft-Walton, Wideroe, and Lawrence's 4-inch through 60-inch machines, to the first commercial cyclotrons (Collins Radio, source of the Rutgers 12-inch magnet). Ends with Koeth's curated list of every known amateur/small cyclotron from El Cerrito 1947 through the 2007-2010 generation.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-131", "title": "The thermonuclear fusion rate coefficient for p-11B reactions", "authors": "W.M. Nevins, R. Swain (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), Nuclear Fusion 40:865", "year": 2000, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "boron-11", "fusion", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Develops analytic approximations to the p-11B Maxwellian fusion rate coefficient for 1-70 keV and 50-500 keV temperature ranges, based on the revised (1987 Becker) cross-section measurements which run about 50% higher than earlier data. Compares fits against direct numerical integration and notes overall error is dominated by cross-section measurement uncertainty.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-132", "title": "100BGQ100 / 100BGQ100J 100 A Schottky Rectifier", "authors": "International Rectifier", "year": 2002, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "datasheet", "topics": [ "magnet", "rf", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Datasheet for a 100 A, 100 V Schottky rectifier diode (VF 0.74 V, 175 C junction) intended for switching supplies and reverse-battery protection.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-133", "title": "Central Pneumatic 3 Gallon Oilless Air Compressor (Item 97080) Owner's Manual", "authors": "Harbor Freight Tools", "year": 2011, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "fabrication", "vendor" ], "summary": "Owner's manual for a 3-gallon oilless shop air compressor: safety, setup, operation, maintenance, and parts diagram.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-134", "title": "Compact, low-cost, 14.5 GHz all-permanent magnet field ECR multiply charged ion source", "authors": "E. Galutschek, R. Trassl, E. Salzborn, F. Aumayr, HP. Winter (TU Vienna / JLU Giessen)", "year": 2007, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "magnet", "rf", "vacuum", "fabrication" ], "summary": "Describes a compact 14.5 GHz ECRIS whose minimum-B confinement field comes entirely from NdFeB permanent magnet rings and a Halbach hexapole (0.9 T mirror peaks, mirror ratios 2.1/1.9), eliminating the ~30 kW coil power of its predecessor. Uses a 25 mm water-cooled plasma chamber, biased-waveguide coupling, gas mixing, triode accel-decel extraction at 1-10 kV, and full LabVIEW remote control; total system cost ~100 k$.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-135", "title": "Neutrons and Gamma Rays from the Alpha-Particle Bombardment of Be9, B10, B11, C13, and O18", "authors": "T. W. Bonner, A. A. Kraus Jr., J. B. Marion, J. P. Schiffer (Rice Institute)", "year": 1956, "era": "classic-handson", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "targets", "detectors", "boron-11", "physics-theory", "shielding" ], "summary": "Physical Review 102, 1348 (1956). Excitation curves for neutrons and gamma rays from alpha bombardment (1.8-5.3 MeV, Van de Graaff) of thin Be-9, B-10, B-11, C-13, and O-18 targets, tabulating resonance energies, widths, and cross sections. Experimental sections detail the modified long counter, NaI gamma detection, target preparation issues (carbon buildup), and energy calibration via Li-7 thresholds.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-136", "title": "UNI-T UT139A/B/C True RMS Digital Multimeters - Operating Manual", "authors": "UNI-T (Uni-Trend Technology)", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "safety" ], "summary": "Operating manual for the UNI-T UT139 series handheld true-RMS digital multimeters: safety rules, measurement instructions for each function, technical accuracy index, and maintenance.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-137", "title": "A Study on Uniformity of a Magnet", "authors": "P. Das et al. (Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Single-page poster on a room-temperature electromagnet built at VECC for a Penning ion trap. Presents a COMSOL 2-D axisymmetric model of the pancake coils, compares simulated axial/radial field profiles with measurements, and mentions ongoing cooling-water heat transfer simulation.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-138", "title": "Compact Medical Cyclotrons and their Use for Radioisotope Production and Multi-disciplinary Research (Cyclotrons2016 TUD01)", "authors": "S. Braccini et al., Bern University Hospital / AEC-LHEP Bern", "year": 2016, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "beam-measurement", "targets", "ion-source" ], "summary": "Overview of commercial ~20 MeV hospital cyclotrons for isotope production and how the Bern machine was extended into a research facility: external beam line to a second bunker, and tuning procedures (ion source, RF, field) to reach beam currents from >150 uA down to the pA range for detector physics and ion beam analysis.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-139", "title": "Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources and ECR Plasmas", "authors": "R. Geller, Institut des Sciences Nucleaires, Grenoble", "year": 1996, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "ion-source", "physics-theory", "magnet", "rf" ], "summary": "The definitive monograph on ECR ion sources by their inventor: microwave-heated magnetically confined plasmas, minimum-B confinement, ECRIS design evolution, and performance for producing highly charged heavy ions. Graduate-level plasma physics with source-engineering history, aimed at facility-class multiply-charged ion production.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-140", "title": "Philo Farnsworth: Fusor (Inertial Electrostatic Confinement) — Rex Research compilation", "authors": "Rex Research (compiling Richard Hull, Adam Szendry, Tom Ligon, Farnsworth/Bussard patents)", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "web-capture", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "ion-source", "vacuum" ], "summary": "Rex Research web compilation on the Farnsworth fusor: history of the multipactor and fusor development, Richard Hull's amateur fusor account, pointers to the Szendry advanced fusor, the Ligon Analog article, and Farnsworth/Bussard patent numbers. Redundant with the dedicated Hull and Ligon documents in this archive.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-141", "title": "An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators", "authors": "D. A. Edwards, M. J. Syphers (SSC Laboratory)", "year": 1992, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "beam-dynamics", "accelerator-other", "physics-theory", "rf" ], "summary": "Standard graduate textbook on synchrotron-era accelerator physics, written by SSC physicists: transverse (betatron) and longitudinal (synchrotron) dynamics, lattice optics, emittance, acceleration and RF, intensity-dependent effects, and synchrotron radiation. Oriented at large ring machines rather than cyclotrons.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-142", "title": "Cost / Benefit Comparison for 45 MeV and 70 MeV Cyclotrons", "authors": "Contractor report for U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy (May 26, 2005)", "year": 2005, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "project-management", "vendor" ], "summary": "DOE-commissioned study comparing purchase, beamline, operating, and lifetime costs of commercial 45 MeV vs 70 MeV isotope-production cyclotrons. Surveys cyclotron vendors, design and fabrication cost breakdowns, beamline cost scaling factors, and power requirements based on BNL and University of Nantes operating data.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-143", "title": "Design of Accelerator Magnets (CERN Accelerator School)", "authors": "S. Russenschuck, CERN", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "magnet", "physics-theory", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "CERN Accelerator School lecture paper on analytical and numerical field computation for conventional and superconducting accelerator magnets. Covers the Laplace-equation treatment of aperture fields, multipole expansions, ideal pole shapes for conventional magnets and ideal current distributions for superconducting ones, with LEP and LHC dipole/quadrupole examples.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-144", "title": "ECR Ion Sources for Accelerators (Invited Paper)", "authors": "C. Lyneis (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory)", "year": 1992, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "magnet", "rf", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Invited survey from the 13th International Cyclotron Conference of ECR ion source use at accelerators: over 40 sources in service, design features of CAPRICE-class sources (sextupole plus solenoid minimum-B fields, 10+ GHz microwave coupling), performance tables, and discussion of ECR plasma physics and future directions such as superconducting-magnet sources.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-145", "title": "Electron Cyclotron Resonance (E.C.R.) Ion Sources (Invited Paper)", "authors": "Y. Jongen (Laboratoire du Cyclotron, Louvain-la-Neuve / LBL)", "year": 1984, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "magnet", "rf", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Review from the 10th International Cyclotron Conference (East Lansing) of the first generation of ECR sources descended from Geller's SUPERMAFIOS: two-stage hexapole-stabilized designs, permanent-magnet vs superconducting hexapoles, and operational surprises (small sources work as well as large; optimum pressure higher than theory predicted) that forced revision of early ECR theory.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-146", "title": "Engineering Electromagnetics, Third Edition", "authors": "Nathan Ida, University of Akron (Springer)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "magnet", "coils", "physics-theory", "rf" ], "summary": "Standard 1000-page undergraduate EM textbook: electrostatics, magnetostatics, magnetic materials and circuits, induction, Maxwell's equations, transmission lines, waveguides, and antennas, with many worked engineering examples. General theory background, not accelerator- or magnet-design-specific.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-147", "title": "Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) of a Fusion Plasma with Grids", "authors": "Jon Nadler (Nuclear Engineering Dept., University of Illinois)", "year": 1999, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "physics-theory", "ion-source" ], "summary": "Short review paper on gridded IEC fusion covering spherically imploding ion beams, multiple potential well formation, the field's history (Farnsworth, Hirsch, Verdeyen, Bussard, Miley), and the case for IEC as a compact neutron source. Mostly conceptual with a useful reference list into the primary literature.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-148", "title": "Introduction to Accelerators, Lecture 4: Basic Properties of Particle Beams", "authors": "William A. Barletta (USPAS / MIT)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "beam-dynamics", "physics-theory", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "USPAS introductory lecture slides on describing particle beams: phase space, emittance, Twiss parameters, beam moments, temperature, and brightness, with supporting E&M review (fields of current loops and moving charges). Conceptual foundation rather than machine design.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-149", "title": "Ion Sources for RFQ Accelerators and for Cyclotrons", "authors": "A. Schempp (Institut fur Angewandte Physik, Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt / IAEA report)", "year": 1998, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "ion-source", "accelerator-other", "cyclotron-general", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "IAEA survey of ion sources used with RFQ linacs and cyclotrons: PIG, duoplasmatron, multicusp, and ECR sources, grouped by current and duty-factor class, with discussion of injectors, LEBT matching, emittance, and space-charge bottlenecks. Notes that PIG sources were first developed for cyclotrons to exploit the machine's own magnetic field. Broad and descriptive rather than constructional.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-150", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 2: Mathematical Formulation of the 2D Magnetic Field", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Develops the 2D magnetostatic theory underlying the course: Maxwell's steady-state equations, Laplace and Poisson equations, complex-variable formulation F(z), multipole expansions, and why 2D analysis suffices for integrated fields of real 3D magnets.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-151", "title": "Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Lecture 3: Conformal Mapping", "authors": "Jack Tanabe, USPAS/Cornell", "year": 2005, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "magnet", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Uses conformal mapping (w = z^2/h etc.) to map quadrupole and sextupole geometries into the dipole space, so dipole pole-overhang and field-quality rules can be reused to design and optimize quadrupole/sextupole pole contours.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-152", "title": "Plasma Jet Source Using an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Discharge Plasma (US Patent 6,121,569)", "authors": "George H. Miley, Yibin Gu", "year": 2000, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "patent", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "ion-source", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Miley/Gu patent on extracting a plasma jet from a gridded IEC discharge by opening one grid aperture, aimed at electric propulsion and materials processing. Describes IEC discharge operating modes (star mode, jet mode) and electrode configurations.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-153", "title": "Proposed Fabrication of a Low Energy DC Accelerator", "authors": "Sowmya S. Kulkarni, Sudha Deshmukh, A.T. Seshadri, Jain University, Bangalore", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "accelerator-other", "project-management" ], "summary": "Proposal (not a build report) from Jain University, Bangalore, for a low-energy DC electrostatic accelerator for student training and thin-film x-ray emission research, explicitly inspired by visits to the Rutgers 12-inch cyclotron community. Describes objectives and intended experiments only; no completed hardware.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-154", "title": "Up From Nothing: The Michigan State University Cyclotron Laboratory", "authors": "Sam M. Austin, Michigan State University Press", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "magnet", "project-management" ], "summary": "Illustrated institutional history of the MSU Cyclotron Laboratory / NSCL, from the first K50 cyclotron through the superconducting K500 and K1200 to the FRIB era, written by a longtime faculty member. Rich in photographs of magnet steel, dees, and assembly work, plus the funding, staffing, and lab-building story; not an engineering text.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-155", "title": "Kick it Harder! Pushing the Speed Limit in Particle Accelerators", "authors": "Jeffrey C. Smith, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (Small Cyclotron Conference 2010)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "accelerator-other", "physics-theory", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Survey talk from a SLAC physicist covering the whole zoo of accelerator types -- electrostatic, linac, cyclotron, microtron, betatron, synchrotron/storage ring -- through the LHC and ILC, ending with plasma-wakefield and photonic band-gap acceleration. A big-picture physics colloquium, not a build talk.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-156", "title": "Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th Edition", "authors": "Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett", "year": 2004, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Standard calculus-based introductory university physics textbook covering mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, and modern physics, with worked examples and problem sets. General background reference only; contains the usual textbook treatments of charged-particle motion in magnetic fields, capacitance, inductance, and AC circuits.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-157", "title": "Proton-Boron (p-B11) colliding beam fusion reactor", "authors": "H. Vernon Wong, B.N. Breizman, J.W. Van Dam (Institute for Fusion Studies, UT Austin)", "year": 1999, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "boron-11", "fusion", "physics-theory", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "Theoretical power-balance critique of the Rostoker/TAE colliding-beam p-B11 field-reversed configuration reactor. Concludes the power required to maintain the colliding-beam configuration is at least 5.1 times the fusion power output, demanding >84% electrical conversion efficiency, and that collisional beam spreading constrains boron density far below the fusion-power optimum.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-158", "title": "RF Cavities (USPAS lecture, Cornell, June 2005)", "authors": "Y. Papaphilippou, N. Catalan Lasheras", "year": 2005, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "rf", "physics-theory", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "USPAS lecture slides on RF cavity fundamentals: wave equation in bounded media, TE/TM mode classification and indexing in rectangular and cylindrical geometries, waveguide dispersion, and the basics of using cavity fields for acceleration. Standard textbook electromagnetics aimed at accelerator students, not at lumped-element cyclotron dee circuits.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-159", "title": "Dipole Assisted Inertial Electrostatic Confinement", "authors": "Yoshikazu Takeyama, Robert Thomas, G.H. Miley (Fusion Studies Lab, Univ. of Illinois)", "year": 2005, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "magnet", "fusion", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Conference presentation (Trends in Fusion Research, 2005) on adding a central dipole magnetic field to an IEC device to raise central plasma density and reduce losses, with experimental setup and preliminary probe diagnostics. Lab-scale plasma experiment slides.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-160", "title": "Driven Subcritical Fission Research Reactor Using a Cylindrical Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Neutron Source", "authors": "G.H. Miley, R. Thomas, Y. Takeyama, L. Wu, I. Percel, H. Momota, H. Hora, X.Z. Li, P.J. Shrestha", "year": 2005, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "accelerator-other", "shielding" ], "summary": "Concept paper proposing compact cylindrical IEC neutron sources (60-100 kV gridded star-mode devices) as drivers for subcritical fission research reactors, replacing accelerator-spallation systems. Reviews Illinois IEC neutron source work and notes engineering issues such as HV feedthroughs in radiation fields.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-161", "title": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement as a Power Source for Electric Propulsion (NASA-TM-109228, Vision 21 Conference)", "authors": "G.H. Miley, R. Burton, J. Javedani, et al. (Univ. of Illinois / NASA)", "year": 1993, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Early Illinois/NASA concept paper proposing IEC fusion as a power source for electric propulsion, summarizing the gridded star-mode IEC experiments of the early 1990s and extrapolating to space power systems. Concept and program-survey level.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-162", "title": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion (US Patent 7,550,741 B2)", "authors": "Frank Sanns, Jr.", "year": 2009, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "patent", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion" ], "summary": "US patent (filed 2006, issued 2009) by amateur fusioneer Frank Sanns on an IEC fusion variant. Front matter cites the standard IEC literature (Ohnishi, Matsuura, Humphries). Patent-claim language describing electrode geometry modifications to the basic fusor concept.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-163", "title": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion for Spacecraft", "authors": "R.J. Sedwick, C. Dietrich, T. McGuire, N. Warner, D. Zayas (MIT Space Systems Laboratory)", "year": 2006, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "ion-source", "vacuum" ], "summary": "Single-page conference poster from MIT's Fusion Power and Propulsion Group on multi-grid IEC devices for spacecraft power. Presents the hypothesis that extra focusing grids channel ions away from grid wires to extend confinement time, and briefly describes the experimental setup (2 ft diameter UHV chamber, custom ion gun, HV supplies) and simulation results.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-164", "title": "Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectrometry II (Lecture Notes in Chemistry 31)", "authors": "H. Hartmann, K.-P. Wanczek (eds.), Springer-Verlag", "year": 1982, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "physics-theory", "magnet", "detectors" ], "summary": "Proceedings volume of 28 papers from the 2nd International Symposium on Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectrometry (Mainz, 1981), covering ion-molecule chemistry of simple molecules, systematic ion chemistry studies, ICR/FT-ICR spectrometer development, and theory. This is analytical mass-spectrometry chemistry that happens to exploit the cyclotron resonance principle for trapped ions, not accelerator engineering.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-165", "title": "Multiple Potential Well Structure in Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Devices", "authors": "Ryan M. Meyer (University of Missouri-Columbia, MS thesis)", "year": 2004, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "physics-theory", "fusion" ], "summary": "MS thesis analyzing multiple potential well formation in IEC devices, classifying uni-polar and bi-polar cathode-anode systems and extending Langmuir-Blodgett/Hirsch space-charge models. Primarily analytical modeling with a modest experimental component built in the university instrument shop.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-166", "title": "A General Critique of Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Systems", "authors": "Todd H. Rider (MIT, S.M. thesis, advisor L. Lidsky)", "year": 1994, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "thesis", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Rider's famous MIT master's thesis showing via velocity-space diffusion arguments that IEC devices cannot maintain the non-Maxwellian ion distributions needed for net power, especially with advanced fuels (D-3He, p-11B). The definitive theoretical critique that frames why fusors are neutron sources, not reactors.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-167", "title": "ANSYS Installation and Licensing Documentation, Release 19.2", "authors": "ANSYS, Inc.", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "project-management" ], "summary": "Combined installation and FLEXlm licensing manual for ANSYS Release 19.2 (August 2018): license server setup, product installation on Windows/Linux, and troubleshooting. Pure software administration documentation with no engineering content.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-168", "title": "Approximate Modeling of Cylindrical Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) Fusion Neutron Generator", "authors": "Blair P. Bromley, Luis Chacon, George H. Miley (Univ. of Illinois Fusion Studies Lab)", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Two-page summary of the C-Fusion quasi-analytic model of the Illinois cylindrical IEC C-Device neutron generator (~1e6 n/s DD steady state), covering ion recirculation, charge-exchange-limited mean free path, and beam-background vs beam-beam vs fast-neutral reaction channels.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-169", "title": "Fusion in a magnetically-shielded-grid inertial electrostatic confinement device", "authors": "John Hedditch, Richard Bowden-Reid, Joe Khachan (University of Sydney)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "physics-theory", "magnet" ], "summary": "arXiv theory paper claiming net energy gain is possible in a gridded IEC device if the cathode grid is magnetically shielded by coaxial current-carrying rings forming a spindle cusp, avoiding both grid and cusp losses. Analytical energy-balance modeling only; no device built.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-170", "title": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) Based Compact X-ray Source", "authors": "S. Krupakar Murali (Multiversal Technologies)", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "detectors", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Commercial slide deck pitching IEC devices as compact multi-mode radiation sources (x-ray, neutron) for space-station materials characterization and satellite applications. Application survey and comparison tables rather than design data.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-171", "title": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (Wikipedia article capture)", "authors": "Wikipedia contributors", "year": 2007, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "web-capture", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion" ], "summary": "2007 capture of the Wikipedia IEC article. Covers the Farnsworth-Hirsch fusor, Polywell and Penning-trap variants, hobbyist cost range ($500-$4000), the commercial NSD-Fusion neutron generator, and the Rider/Nevins critiques of IEC net-power viability.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-172", "title": "Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement Fusion in Japan (Potential Well Measurements)", "authors": "Fusion Power Report (describing work of K. Yoshikawa, Kyoto University)", "year": 2001, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "other", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "physics-theory", "beam-measurement" ], "summary": "One-page trade-press item summarizing Kyoto University's laser-induced fluorescence / Stark-effect measurement of the double-well potential profile (about 200 V dip) in a helium IEC plasma, plus a capsule history of IEC neutron yields from Hirsch to Wisconsin and Illinois.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-173", "title": "Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics: Multimessenger Astronomy and its Particle Physics Foundations (2nd ed.)", "authors": "Alessandro De Angelis and Mario Pimenta", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "physics-theory", "detectors", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Springer Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics textbook covering the Standard Model, field theory, cosmic rays, particle detectors and accelerators at survey level, and multimessenger astroparticle physics (gamma rays, neutrinos, gravitational waves). Rigorous undergraduate/early-graduate theory text with worked problems, not an engineering resource.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-174", "title": "Magnetic Electrostatic Plasma Confinement", "authors": "T.J. Dolan (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory), Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 36 (1994) 1539-1593", "year": 1994, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "physics-theory", "magnet" ], "summary": "Original journal version of Dolan's 55-page review of magnetic electrostatic plasma confinement: four decades of electrostatic and magnetically shielded grid confinement experiments (Hirsch colliding beams, ATOLL, Jupiter-2M cusp machines), multiple potential well evidence, electron transport, and MEPC reactor projections. Same content as the retypeset copy in this folder.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-175", "title": "Magnetic Electrostatic Plasma Confinement (review article, retypeset)", "authors": "Thomas James Dolan (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory)", "year": 1994, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "physics-theory", "magnet" ], "summary": "Retypeset (ca. 2009) edition of Dolan's 1994 Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion review of magnetic-electrostatic plasma confinement (MEPC): four decades of gridded and magnetically shielded electrostatic confinement experiments, multiple potential well evidence, cusp geometries, and reactor scaling. Content duplicates the journal-page version of the same article, also indexed here.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-176", "title": "Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts (7th ed.)", "authors": "B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholz, F. Zetsche, W. Rodejohann", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "book", "topics": [ "physics-theory", "detectors", "targets" ], "summary": "Springer graduate textbook on nuclear and particle physics: scattering, form factors, deep inelastic scattering, quarks and the Standard Model, then nuclear structure, the nuclear force, decay, and thermodynamics of nuclei. General physics background, not accelerator engineering.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-177", "title": "Szilard as Inventor: Accelerators and More", "authors": "Valentine L. Telegdi (Physics Today 53(10), p.25)", "year": 2000, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "accelerator-other" ], "summary": "Physics Today history article on Leo Szilard's inter-war patent activity, showing he independently invented central features of the linac, cyclotron, and betatron in 1928-29 Berlin patent applications, years before or parallel to Lawrence. Historical and biographical; no engineering content.", "amateur_relevance": 1, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-178", "title": "Integration of the Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Diffusion Thruster for Testing", "authors": "Mark D. Becnel (University of Alabama in Huntsville / NASA MSFC)", "year": 2011, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "accelerator-other", "fusion" ], "summary": "Student conference paper on a cylindrical IEC \"diffusion thruster\" that exhausts the plasma leak from a grid gap through a nozzle for propulsion, with an argon-fed prototype under test at MSFC. Concept and test-integration description.", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-179", "title": "ANSYS Quick Start Installation Guide, Release 19.2", "authors": "ANSYS, Inc.", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "project-management" ], "summary": "Eight-page condensed walkthrough for installing ANSYS 19.2 products. Software setup instructions only.", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-180", "title": "ANSYS Quick Start Licensing Guide, Release 19.2", "authors": "ANSYS, Inc.", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "project-management" ], "summary": "Eight-page condensed guide to installing the ANSYS 19.2 license file and FLEXlm license manager. Software setup instructions only.", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-181", "title": "ANSYS, Inc. Installation Guide for Windows (Release 19.2)", "authors": "ANSYS, Inc.", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "project-management" ], "summary": "Windows installation prerequisites and platform/system requirements for the full ANSYS 19.2 product line.", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-182", "title": "ANSYS, Inc. Linux Installation Guide (Release 19.2)", "authors": "ANSYS, Inc.", "year": 2018, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "manual", "topics": [ "project-management" ], "summary": "Linux installation prerequisites and platform/system requirements for the full ANSYS 19.2 product line (Mechanical, Autodyn, LS-DYNA, CFX, Fluent, ICEM CFD, Icepak, etc.).", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-183", "title": "Dependence of Neutron/Proton Production Rate on Discharged Current in Spherical Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Plasmas", "authors": "T. Matsuo, H. Matsuura, Y. Nakao, K. Kudo (Kyushu University)", "year": 2004, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "fusion", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Four-page theoretical paper modeling how neutron and proton production rates scale with discharge current in D-3He spherical IEC plasmas, arguing that energetic converged electrons enable greater-than-linear (I^2) scaling of the 3He(d,p)4He proton yield. Pure distribution-function modeling.", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-184", "title": "EKXL: A Dynamic Poisson-Solver for Spherically-Convergent Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement Systems", "authors": "Katherine E. King and Robert W. Bussard (EMC2, DARPA report AD-A257644)", "year": 1991, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "report", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "physics-theory", "fusion" ], "summary": "DTIC report describing the EMC2 1-D radial Poisson-solver code lineage for computing potential and density profiles in spherically convergent IEC (Polywell-line) systems. Documents code history, assumptions, and sample solutions. Simulation methodology only.", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-185", "title": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) devices for propulsion of satellites used for disaster monitoring", "authors": "S. Krupakar Murali (Multiversal Technologies), CANEUS SSTDM", "year": 2014, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "accelerator-other", "fusion" ], "summary": "Conference slide deck surveying IEC-based satellite propulsion modes (ion propulsion, charge-exchange neutral thrust, neutral injection, fusion-ash propulsion) and comparing them with conventional electric propulsion for small disaster-monitoring satellites. Concept-level survey.", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-186", "title": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Thrusters (ESA Advanced Concepts Team web page)", "authors": "European Space Agency, Advanced Concepts Team", "year": null, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "web-capture", "topics": [ "iec-fusor", "accelerator-other", "fusion" ], "summary": "Two-page capture of an ESA Advanced Concepts Team web page giving a brief overview of IEC devices repurposed as electric-propulsion thrusters, with a sketch of the gridded spherical geometry and citations to fusion-research origins. Purely introductory survey material.", "amateur_relevance": 0, "hands_on": 0 }, { "id": "lib-187", "title": "The Cyclotron and Its Modeling", "authors": "V. L. Smirnov (JINR Dubna)", "year": 2021, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "cyclotron-general", "beam-dynamics", "magnet", "rf", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Comprehensive review of cyclotron-type accelerators: systematization of machine types, structural units, theoretical basics, and a survey of numerical modeling techniques and program codes for cyclotron design and beam-dynamics analysis. Full-length Russian original from ЭЧАЯ v.52 no.5 (pp. 1158-1304), freely available from the JINR publisher site; the English translation (Phys. Part. Nuclei 52, 913, ~50 pp) is paywalled.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1, "link": "https://doi.org/10.1134/S106377962105004X", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-188", "title": "Injection and Extraction for Cyclotrons", "authors": "Pauli Heikkinen (Univ. of Jyvaskyla)", "year": 1994, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "extraction", "beam-dynamics", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "CAS lecture (CERN 94-01 Vol II, printed pp. 819-839) surveying both injection (inflectors: mirror, spiral, hyperboloid) and every major extraction scheme: stripping, extraction by acceleration, brute-force first-harmonic, precessional (nu_r=1), regenerative (nu_r=2/2), and non-linear resonances. Gives the working formulas for radial gain per turn, coherent amplitude from resonance crossing, and a table of vertical-motion resonances that endanger extraction.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 2, "link": "https://doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1994-001.819", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-189", "title": "Extraction from Cyclotrons", "authors": "J.I.M. Botman and H.L. Hagedoorn (Eindhoven Univ. of Technology)", "year": 1996, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "extraction", "beam-dynamics", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "CAS lecture that is the single most useful extraction tutorial in this archive: derives the three-term turn-separation equation (acceleration + amplitude growth + precession), orbit-centre formalism, first-harmonic bump response, HF phase mixing, multi- vs single-turn extraction, and hardware rules (septum, deflector field limits, magnetic channels) with worked numeric examples throughout.", "amateur_relevance": 5, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1996-002.169", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-190", "title": "Cyclotrons: Magnetic Design and Beam Dynamics (CAS 2015 proceedings, arXiv:1804.08961)", "authors": "W. Kleeven and S. Zaremba (IBA)", "year": 2018, "era": "timeless-reference", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "extraction", "magnet", "beam-dynamics", "cyclotron-general", "rf" ], "summary": "63-page review from IBA's chief physicists covering magnet design, isochronism, focusing, central region, injection, and a full extraction chapter (Section 4, pp. 41-52): internal targets, stripping, ESD+septum, turn-separation mechanisms, precessional and regenerative extraction, gradient correctors, and the IBA self-extracting cyclotron. Industrial viewpoint, minimal formalism, superbly illustrated with real hardware.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.08961", "link_label": "arXiv" }, { "id": "lib-191", "title": "Cyclotrons: Magnetic Design and Beam Dynamics (CAS 2015 lecture slides)", "authors": "Willem Kleeven (IBA)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "slides", "topics": [ "extraction", "magnet", "beam-dynamics", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "112-slide deck version of the Kleeven-Zaremba review. Extraction block is slides 73-96: scheme taxonomy, stripping, turn-separation mechanisms, precessional recipe, ESD construction photos (C235, C70), gradient correctors, self-extraction, C400. Largely duplicates the paper's content but with more hardware photographs and annotated field plots.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-192", "title": "Cyclotron Beam Extraction by Acceleration (arXiv:2205.04124v3)", "authors": "C. Baumgarten (PSI)", "year": 2022, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "extraction", "beam-dynamics", "magnet" ], "summary": "Derives the quantitative condition for a beam to escape an isochronous cyclotron's fringe field purely by fast acceleration (no deflector, no foil): the race between the 90-degree RF phase-slip limit and the k=-1 bending limit. Result: required energy gain scales as (g/R)^2, i.e. maximum turn number Nt <= (R/g)^2 / (pi*Nh*gamma*(gamma+1)). Demonstrates by tracking that the PSI Ring would self-eject in <90 turns.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1, "link": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.04124", "link_label": "arXiv" }, { "id": "lib-193", "title": "Cyclotrons: Why/how are their dynamics different? (JINST 18 T03005)", "authors": "R. Baartman (TRIUMF)", "year": 2023, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "extraction", "beam-dynamics", "cyclotron-general", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Compact modern overview (ICFA Beam Dynamics Newsletter #84) of what makes cyclotron dynamics special: isochronism to 1e-4/1e-5, frozen phase motion, space charge vortex effect. Section 7 gives a crisp logic of extraction vs phase acceptance: septum survival sets minimum turn separation, phase spread widens turns parabolically, stripping evades all of it.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 1 }, { "id": "lib-194", "title": "Cyclotron Vacuum Model and H- Gas Stripping Losses (CYCLOTRONS 2010, MOPCP075)", "authors": "V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J.-L. Delvaux, Y. Jongen, W. Kleeven, et al. (IBA)", "year": 2010, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "extraction", "vacuum" ], "summary": "Three-page IBA recipe for budgeting H- transmission against residual-gas stripping: lumped conductance network of hills/valleys/dees, surface outgassing inventory, Nakai et al. analytic stripping cross-sections integrated along the spiral orbit. Validated on the 70 MeV ARRONAX Cyclone 70 to ~1%.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 3 }, { "id": "lib-195", "title": "New Cyclotron Developments at IBA (CYCLOTRONS 2004)", "authors": "Y. Jongen, W. Kleeven and S. Zaremba (IBA)", "year": 2004, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "extraction", "magnet", "cyclotron-general" ], "summary": "Status paper whose lead section is the operational report on the self-extracting cyclotron: 14 MeV H+, no deflector, extraction via elliptical-gap pole-edge shaping, a machined groove/plateau, harmonic coils, and a beam catcher; 75-80% efficiency at 1-1.5 mA, with an improved design (pole edge parallel to trajectory, nu_r tailored 1.1 to 0.6 over last ten turns) predicted >90%. Also covers C400 and TRADE concepts.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-196", "title": "Beam stripping interactions in compact cyclotrons (arXiv:2103.15583v2; PRAB 24, 090101)", "authors": "P. Calvo, I. Podadera, D. Gavela, C. Oliver (CIEMAT); A. Adelmann, J. Snuverink, A. Gsell (PSI)", "year": 2021, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "extraction", "vacuum", "beam-dynamics", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "Quantitative treatment of both H- loss channels - residual-gas stripping (analytic cross-section fits, sigma maximal at 0.1-300 keV) and Lorentz (electromagnetic) stripping (lifetime formula from first principles with re-derived constants) - implemented in OPAL and applied to the AMIT compact superconducting cyclotron (8.5 MeV, 4 T): 14.6% gas-stripping loss at ~1e-4 hPa central-region pressure, Lorentz stripping negligible.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2, "link": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.15583", "link_label": "arXiv" }, { "id": "lib-197", "title": "Ion Sources for Cyclotrons (9th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Caen)", "authors": "David J. Clark (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory)", "year": 1981, "era": "transitional", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "cyclotron-general", "physics-theory" ], "summary": "The classic survey of every ion-source family used in cyclotrons as of 1981: internal hot-filament hooded-arc sources, internal/external PIG sources (cold, hot, and bombardment-heated cathodes), and the then-emerging ECR and EBIS high-charge-state sources. Covers the physics of electron-impact ionization (cross-sections, Lotz formula, jT ionization factor), then gives concrete operating envelopes: PIG ignition at ~3 kV, running arcs of 300-2000 V at 1-15 A dc, 10-30 kV dc extraction external / 30-100 kV RF puller extraction internal, filament-source proton output of a few mA, and PIG cathode service life of a few hours to a day. Includes the GANIL test-stand PIG with sputter electrode, ORIC back-bombardment solid feed, and charge-state comparison tables (PIG vs ECR vs EBIS).", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 3, "link": "https://proceedings.jacow.org/c81/papers/di-01.pdf", "link_label": "publisher" }, { "id": "lib-198", "title": "Simulation of Electron Behavior in PIG Ion Source for 9 MeV Cyclotron (KIRAMS-13 lineage)", "authors": "X.J. Mu, M. Ghergherehchi, Y.H. Yeon, J.W. Kim, J.S. Chai (Sungkyunkwan University)", "year": 2015, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "modeling", "beam-dynamics" ], "summary": "CST Particle Studio study of secondary-electron production and confinement in an internal cold-cathode PIG (Ta cathodes 7 mm dia x 2 mm thick, anode cylinder 20 mm long, bores 6.16-10.1 mm) for the SKKU 9 MeV H- cyclotron, validated against the KIRAMS-13. Sweeps cathode potential (-100 to -2500 V) and magnetic field (0.2/0.4/0.6 T): secondary-electron count peaks at 0.2 T and falls hard by 0.6 T. Finds 7 mm anode ID maximizes electron density (8 mm gave highest beam current in KIRAMS-13; >9 mm degrades); off-axis cathode misalignment sharply cuts secondary emission and electron lifetime. Extraction modeling fixes puller 2.2 mm from the anode aperture and slit-to-puller rotation of -0.2 to -1.5 deg for >50% extraction. Bench data: beam current rises with both gas flow and arc current, gas flow being the stronger lever; max 48.3 uA on target at 2.0 A arc and 7.5 sccm H2.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-199", "title": "Characterization of the AMIT Internal Ion Source with a Devoted DC Extraction Test Bench (IPAC 2017)", "authors": "D. Obradors et al. (CIEMAT, Madrid; ANTEC Magnets)", "year": 2017, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "beam-measurement", "vacuum" ], "summary": "Bench characterization of the cold-cathode internal PIG (CuW anode chimney, two Ta cathodes, H2 fed through the cathode cavity) for the AMIT 8.5 MeV superconducting cyclotron, tested in a 130 mm gap dipole at up to 0.86 T. Documents the full ignition recipe: raise arc voltage to -3 kV and gas to up to 10 sccm, arc strikes in a few seconds, sustaining voltage <1 kV, then throttle gas down and current-regulate. Maps the V-I characteristic: below 250 mA the cathodes emit by secondary emission (high impedance); above, ion back-bombardment self-heats them thermionic and the curve goes negative-impedance and saturates. Arc power vs gas flow has a minimum near 4 sccm. Magnetic field has little influence once above a threshold. First-stage H- yield ~170 uA on a probe.", "amateur_relevance": 4, "hands_on": 4, "link": "https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK030", "link_label": "DOI" }, { "id": "lib-200", "title": "Heat Transfer Study of PIG Ion Source for 10 MeV Cyclotron (IPAC 2016)", "authors": "F. Zakerhosseini, S. Sabounchi, H. Afarideh (Amirkabir Univ.), J. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi (SKKU)", "year": 2016, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "materials", "fabrication" ], "summary": "ANSYS CFX / CST thermal study of the IRANCYC-10 internal cold-cathode PIG (Ta cathodes on a W-Cu alloy anode, source height 57 mm, total power ~500 W at ~1.1 A discharge). Cathode heads reach 1992 K under ion back-bombardment (well below Ta melting), the anode peaks at 472 K next to the exit slit, and cathode thermal deformation is ~0.2 mm. Water cooling at 0.007-0.04 kg/s (1-5 m/s in the coaxial lines, 18 C inlet) keeps water below 345 K. Thermionic emission from the 1992 K cathode computed at 7 mA - only 0.6% of the discharge current, i.e. this \"cold cathode\" source runs on secondary emission even at red heat.", "amateur_relevance": 3, "hands_on": 2 }, { "id": "lib-201", "title": "Investigation of Minimized Consumption Power about 10 MeV Cyclotron for Acceleration of Negative Hydrogen (Cyclotrons 2016)", "authors": "Jongchul Lee, K.M.M. Gad, H. Kim, S. Mun, H. Namgoong, D. Ha, M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai (SKKU)", "year": 2016, "era": "modern", "doc_type": "conference-paper", "topics": [ "ion-source", "cyclotron-general", "rf", "magnet" ], "summary": "System-level design paper for the SKKUCY-10 10 MeV H- PET cyclotron (83.2 MHz 4th harmonic, 1.36 T average field, 40 kV dee, deep-valley 4-sector magnet). Its ion-source content is a power budget: the internal PIG is allocated 1.5 kW out of ~40 kW total (coil 26 kW, RF 14 kW), and central region simulation shows 197 uA / 190 keV bunched beam after the third gap from the PIG-plus-puller, delivering 90 uA at 9.8 MeV. Illustrates the standard internal-PIG + puller central-region architecture where the resonator electric field is matched to the chimney/puller structure.", "amateur_relevance": 2, "hands_on": 2 } ] }